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Ore genesis and hydrothermal evolution of the Shaxi porphyry Cu–Au deposit, Anhui province, Eastern China: evidence from isotopes (S–Sr–H–O), pyrite, and fluid inclusions

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Abstract

The Shaxi porphyry Cu–Au deposit is located in the northern part of the Luzong Basin on the outer edge of the southern Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt, China. It is typical of the porphyry Cu–Au deposits in the metallogenic belt, with more than 1 Mt Cu at 0.55 wt% and 45 tons Au at 0.47 g/t. Hydrothermal alteration consists of a core of potassic alteration overprinted by a phyllic alteration zone. Propylitic alteration occurs peripheral to the potassic zone, but can also be recognized in the core of the deposit, where vein density is low. The main mineralization occurs as sulfide veinlets in the potassic zone where it is superposed by phyllic alteration. The paragenetic sequence show that chalcopyrite began to precipitate late in stage 1, associated with potassic alteration, forming quartz-sulfide veins with potassium feldspar halos, and reached a peak in stage 3, forming chalcopyrite-pyrite ± quartz ± anhydrite ± chlorite ± illite veins that accompanied phyllic alteration. Sulfur, hydrogen-oxygen and strontium isotopes, fluid inclusions, and pyrite trace element data indicate that the stage 1 assemblage associated with potassic alteration were deposited from a magmatic brine. With the change from lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure late in stage 1, the brine generated stage 1 g quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite ± anhydrite ± bornite ± molybdenite ± potassium feldspar veins with minor copper and gold. Mixing with minor external fluids (meteoric water or gypsum-saturated groundwater) in stage 2 triggered the peripheral propylitic alteration. As the proportion of external fluid increased with the onset of hydrostatic conditions, it changed the redox state and composition of the hydrothermal system, resulting in extensive stage 3 Cu and Au precipitation with phyllic alteration. Argillic alteration associated with stage 4 veins was generated by external fluids mixed with minor hydrothermal fluid, at shallow depths.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Canghai Yu and Cheng Shi from the Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Holding Co., Ltd.; Yueyu Chi from the No. 327 geological team, Bureau of geology and Mineral Resources of Anhui Province for their valuable support during the fieldwork; and Liang Qi from the State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for the Sr–Nd isotope analysis. Constructive comments of Georges Beaudoin, Zhaoshan Chang, Zhiming Yang, and an anonymous reviewer are gratefully acknowledged.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41702071 and 41320104003), the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (Grant No. 2016YFC0600206), the Academic newcomer promotion plan B (JZ2019HGTB0070), and the Special fund for doctoral degree personnel of Hefei University of technology (JZ2016HGBZ1044).

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  1. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China

    Shiwei Wang, Taofa Zhou, Feng Yuan, Yu Fan & Noel C. White

  2. Anhui Province Engineering Research Center for Mineral Resources and Mine Environments, Hefei, 230009, China

    Shiwei Wang, Taofa Zhou, Feng Yuan, Yu Fan & Noel C. White

  3. Ore Deposit and Exploration Centre (ODEC), Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China

    Shiwei Wang, Taofa Zhou, Feng Yuan & Yu Fan

  4. Geology Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada

    Shiwei Wang & Pete Hollings

  5. Centre for Excellence in Ore Deposit and Earth Sciences (CODES), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia

    Noel C. White & Lejun Zhang

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Wang, S., Zhou, T., Hollings, P. et al. Ore genesis and hydrothermal evolution of the Shaxi porphyry Cu–Au deposit, Anhui province, Eastern China: evidence from isotopes (S–Sr–H–O), pyrite, and fluid inclusions. Miner Deposita 56, 767–788 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-00995-5

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