Abstract
The inhibitory effect of eight model lignin derivatives (ferulic acid, guaiacol, kraft lignin (alkali, low sulfonate content), p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillin and vanillic acid) on XynA activity was evaluated. The model lignin derivatives viz. gallic acid, vanillic acid and vanillin were inhibitory to XynA activity, with an over 50% reduction in activity at concentrations as low as 0.5 mg/ml. However, enzyme deactivation studies in the absence of substrate showed that these pretreatment by-products do not interact with the enzyme except when in the presence of its substrate. The effect of the main structural properties of the pretreatment-derived phenolics, for example their hydroxyl and carbonyl group types, on XynA enzyme inhibition was investigated. The presence of carbonyl groups in phenolics appeared to confer stronger inhibitory effects than hydroxyl groups on XynA activity. The hydrolytic potential of XynA was not inhibited by a mixture of phenolics derived after steam pretreatment of woody biomass (Douglas fir and Black wattle). It appears as if the liquors from steam-pretreated woody biomass did not possess high enough phenolic content to confer XynA inhibition. The xylanase (XynA from Thermomyces lanuginosus) is, therefore, a striking choice for application in biofuel and fine chemical industries for the xylan degradation in steam-pretreated biomass.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Stoyan Stoychev (CSIR, South Africa) for identifying the xylanase used in this study using tryptic mapping/MS. The authors are also grateful for the financial support received for this study from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa and Rhodes University (Sandisa Imbewu). Any opinion, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), and therefore, the NRF does not accept liability in regard thereto. VK is thankful to UGC New Delhi, India, for awarding him the Junior Research Fellowship [F.17-63/2008 (SA-I)]. PS acknowledges the support from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (Grant no. BT/PR27437/BCE/8/1433/2018), SERB, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST Fast Track Grant. No. SR/FT/LS-31/2012) and the infrastructural support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through FIST grant (Grant No. 1196 SR/FST/LS-I/2017/4).
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BNM, SM, VK, LR did required experimentations, analysis and wrote the first draft manuscript, provided their inputs. The manuscript was edited by BP and PS.
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Mathibe, B.N., Malgas, S., Radosavljevic, L. et al. Lignocellulosic pretreatment-mediated phenolic by-products generation and their effect on the inhibition of an endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus VAPS-24. 3 Biotech 10, 349 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02343-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02343-w