Convective MHD flow of hybrid-nanofluid within an elliptic porous enclosure
Introduction
The need for novel types of fluids is felt due to growing the performance of current thermal fluid systems. Traditional fluids including water and engine oil are widely employed in various applications with low thermal conductivity. Nanomaterials which were mixtures of pure fluids with nano sized particles were considered as new types of fluids with higher thermal conductivity. By chemical composition of the substance, the feature of chemical interaction and the number of atoms, the nanoparticle's structure is specified. Nanoparticles may have a structure of a regular crystalline. The typical nanoparticles are metals, metal oxides, carbon nanotubes or carbides [1]. To provide a nanofluid, two different techniques are defined as: single-step method to synthesize mixing the powders in a basis fluid, and two-step method in which powders are suspended in a basis fluid after generation of powders with chemical or physical approaches. In the first method, sedimentation of particles is minimized. Nonetheless, this technique cannot be used in commercial applications because of small scale in generation of nanomaterial. The second technique is better in terms of commerce [2]. To obtain stable nanomaterial, chemical or physical behavior was applied including adding a surfactant, employing strong force on cluster [3]. A model of convection heat transfer between liquids and nanoparticles was presented by Xiao and Yu [4] and convection was considered by the authors. The impact of size and the fraction of nanomaterial on the thermal efficiency can be estimated by fractal model without any experimental constants. Adding alumina nanoparticles causes to a decrement in the pool nucleate boiling phenomena. The estimation of the model has good accuracy regarding empirical data for various fractions of the particles. The mass transfer of a magnetohydrodynamic tangent hyperbolic nanomaterial was surveyed by Atif et al. [5]. Based on their findings, increasing the Biot number, thermophoresis term, Weissenberg number, Brownian motion term increases the profile of dimensionless temperature. To develop cooling efficiency of battery thermal management, Wu and Rao [6] employed LBM for copper/water nanofluid. The authors found that the amount of Nu rose by increasing free convection. The effect of homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical effects on mass transportation of fluid inside a permeable zone was scrutinized by Hayat et al. [7]. Based on their findings, concentration and temperature fields have analogous trend for greater thermophoresis term. Numerically, two-phase free convection of copper/water nanomaterial through a cavity was examined by Xu et al. [8] who used lattice Boltzmann technique to resolve the model of the stream field. Based on the obtained results, Nu declined in the large Rayleigh number. Buoyant-convective boundary layer stream has been simulated by Kechil and Hashim [9] who used a system of nonlinear ODEs. The authors used ADM to solve the governing equations. Based on their findings, Pr has strong impact on temperature and velocity profiles. Yadav et al. [10], [11] scrutinized Non-Newtonian and Newtonian treatment of nanomaterial within a porous layer in existence of magnetic field. They also involved the impact of heat generation. The impact of combined mass and heat transfer and also thermal radiation on hydromagnetic stream on a permeable stretching sheet was investigated by Abd El Aziz [12]. The author concluded that the impact of unsteadiness term is to reduce the velocity, concentration distribution and temperature while it increases the mass transfer. Niazi and Xu [13] scrutinized the electroosmotic impact on behavior of nanomaterial through a microtube. They analyzed the entropy evolution with rise of electric field.
Natural convection is very important in various technologies including electronic industry, solar applications, building applications and etc. Recently, convective heat transfer of nanofluids was widely analyzed. Conventional fluid has low rate of thermal conductivity, which provides lower efficiency of numerous engineering electronic systems. Hence, there is rapid requirement to improve developed carrier fluids including suspended nanoparticles with higher thermal conductivities leading to produce nanofluids [14]. Influence of buoyancy on nanomaterial migration in permeable cavity was analyzed by Sheremet and Pop [14] who reported that Nu attenuation as vertical wall becomes closer to heater. Khan et al. [15] analyzed the entropy generation and activation energy employing stretched sheet for nanofluid of kind Tangent hyperbolic. The authors found that entropy number rely on Joule heating irreversibility. Reducing treatment of concentration is observed for greater estimation of chemical parameter. The impact of temperature-dependent features on free convection of nanomaterial inside a cubic container was analyzed by Wang et al. [16] who concluded that mean Nu is reduced with growing the nanomaterial concentration. Stability investigation of free convection inside a tilted infinite chamber accumulated with a Boussinesq law exposed to Coriolis force was demonstrated by Perez-Espejel and Avila [17]. The authors analyzed both stable and unstable thermal conditions. They reported that rotation rate influences onset of convection. Benos et al. [18], [19], [20] scrutinized the critical role of nanomaterial in existence of magnetic field. They utilized CNT nanoparticles within a permeable zone and examined the buoyancy impact on migration of nano powders.
A simulation technique to analyze the response of magnetic nanoparticles in medical application was developed by Vartholomeos and Mavroidis [21]. The authors found that superparametric aggregation break up and then adds when no magnetic field exists. Hence, aggregation methods can be used to mix the penetrability benefits of magnetic microparticles with the great propulsion performance of the aggregations. The phenomenon of magnetic aggregation was studied by Mathieu and Martel [22] who concluded that aggregating particles from clusters with a longer direction oriented along the axis of magnetic field. A modeling analysis of iron oxide nano powder under the effect of magnetic source was performed by Karvelas et al. [23], [24]. They found that the various distributions of magnetic particles' diameter resulted into constitute different average length of aggregations. The model can estimate the velocity, size and the distribution of aggregation.
As it can be found from above literature survey, each model for simulating porous media and nanomaterial has special advantages and limitations. In current article, two-temperature approach was employed to invoke the impact of porous media and terms of MHD were imposed in momentum equation. Using curved boundary and inclusion of hybrid nanoparticles were other feature of current paper. Properties of operating fluid were estimated based on empirical previous data. To gain simplified equations, stream function formulation was defined. CVFEM was the name of the selected method which is very powerful in modeling of nanomaterial treatment. In outputs, we scrutinized the components of irreversibility and thermal feature of migration of nanomaterial. Also, as goal functions, Nusselt and Bejan numbers were calculated.
Section snippets
Equations and modeling
Popularity of free convection inside a chamber saturated with porous foam is due to its application in various industries. Current selected geometry includes two elliptic and two straight surfaces. The warmer surface was positioned at lower place to allow the buoyancy force to guide the flow to go up. The application was assumed as magnetic sensors which inherently have magnetic force and this force declines the impact of buoyancy force. Cooling the hot wall is important and it can be managed
Results and discussion
In this examination, to invoke the impact of permeable domain, two-temperature approach was involved. Due to usages of curved walls in industrial, we utilized the cold and hot walls in elliptic shape. The inner one experiences uniform flux while it has and outer surface is cold in view of both and θ. Zero gradients have been considered as boundary condition of vertical and horizontal walls and all surfaces are stationary. The enclosure is an application of magnetic sensor, so Lorentz
Conclusions
To recognize the impact of Lorentz force on irreversibility and thermal feature of fluid through a cavity permeated with porous matrix, CVFEM has been applied in current context. To incorporating the influence of porous region, non-equilibrium technique has been chosen. Buoyancy impact was involved with considering Boussinesq principle and related terms was added in momentum equation. Homogeneous carrier fluid was assumed owing to low fraction of hybrid nano powders (). Stream function
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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2023, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic MaterialsCitation Excerpt :The inclusion of nano-sized particles in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow results in additional HT improvements. MHD convective HT considering porous medium in full or partially by using nanofluids were explored in the works of Refs. [60–64]. In thermal science, multi-parametric computational fluid dynamics simulations are expensive especially for time dependent and 3D configurations.