Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of Mackerel-derived hydroxyapatite (MHAp) and native montmorillonite (MMT) on the mechanical-physico properties of the polylactic acid (PLA) blends. Various amounts of MHAp (2 to 10 phr) and MMT (0 to 4 phr) were added into PLA matrix by using melt-blending method. The results of tensile test and X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that the reinforcing and nucleating effect of MHAp on PLA matrix has effectively improved the tensile strength and crystallinity of pristine PLA. The addition of MMT particles has significantly increased the mechanical strength but decreased the crystallinity of relevant PLA/MHAp composites, indicates the effective melt intercalation of PLA matrix into MMT interlayer space. The d-spacing of MMT deflection peak could be increased by further increasing of MMT loading from 2 to 4 phr in PLA/MHAp/MMT blends. This indicates the occurrence of PLA hydrolysis during melt compounding at higher MMT loading level, being supported by the FTIR analysis and the deterioration in morphological properties of PLA ternary composites. However, the hydrolytic degradation-induced increment of PLA functional groups for reaction with excessive amount MHAp could counterbalance the adverse effect of interfacial tension between PLA and MHAp (8-10phr) on mechanical properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wan YZ, Wu CQ, Xiong GY, Zuo GF, Jin J, Ren KJ, Zhu Y, Wang ZR, Luo HL (2015) Mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of nanoplate-like hydroxyapatite/polylactide nanocomposites prepared by intercalation technique. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 47:29–37
Castro-Aguirre E, Iñiguez-Franco F, Samsudin H, Fang X, Auras R (2016) Poly(lactic acid)—mass production, processing, industrial applications, and end of life. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 107:333–366
Piergiorgio G, Valeria C, Irene C, Paul VH (2014) An overview of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Int J Mol Sci 15:3640
Nieddu E, Mazzucco L, Gentile P, Benko T, Balbo V, Mandrile R, Ciardelli G (2009) Preparation and biodegradation of clay composites of PLA. React Funct Polym 69:371–379
Dadbin S, Kheirkhah Y (2014) Gamma irradiation of melt processed biomedical PDLLA/HAP nanocomposites. Radiat Phys Chem 97:270–274
Deplaine H, Gómez Ribelles JL, Gallego Ferrer G (2010) Effect of the content of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the properties and bioactivity of poly(L-lactide) - hybrid membranes. Compos Sci Technol 70:1805–1812
Lijuan X, Liuyun J, Chengdong X, Lixin J, Ye L (2014) Study on a novel double-layered composite membrane of mg-substituted nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone): effect of different L-lactide/ε-caprolactone ratios. Mater Sci Eng A 615:361–366
Hong Z, Zhang PB, He CL, Qiu XY, Liu AX, Chen L, Chen XS, Jing XB (2005) Nano-composite of poly(L-lactide) and surface grafted hydroxyapatite: mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Biomaterials 26:6296–6304
Zhao W, Li JJ, Jin KX, Liu WL, Qiu XF, Li CR (2016) Fabrication of functional PLGA-based electrospun scaffolds and their applications in biomedical engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 59:1181–1194
Soltani Z, Ziaie F, Ghaffari M, Afarideh H, Ehsani M (2013) Mechanical and thermal properties and morphological studies of 10 MeV electron beam irradiated LDPE/hydroxyapatite nano-composite. Radiat Phys Chem 83:79–85
Torabinejad B, Mohammadi-Rovshandeh J, Davachi SM, Zamanian A (2014) Synthesis and characterization of nanocomposite scaffolds based on triblock copolymer of L-lactide, ε-caprolactone and nano-hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 42:199–210
Mathieu LM, Bourban PE, JAE M, s (2006) Processing of homogeneous ceramic/polymer blends for bioresorbable composites. Compos Sci Technol 66:1606–1614
Li XM, Feng QL, Cui FZ (2006) In vitro degradation of porous nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/PLLA scaffold reinforced by chitin fibres. Mater Sci Eng C 26:716–720
Venkatesan J, Lowe B, Manivasagan P, Kang KH, Chalisserry EP, Anil S, Kim DG, Kim SK (2015) Isolation and characterization of Nano-hydroxyapatite from Salmon fish bone. Materials 8:5426–5439
Ferraro V, Cruz IB, Jorge RF, Malcata FX, Pintado ME, Castro PML (2010) Valorisation of natural extracts from marine source focused on marine by-products: a review. Food Res Int 43:2221–2233
Kusmanto F, Walker G, Gan Q, Walsh P, Buchanan F, Dickson G, McCaigue M, Maggs C, Dring M (2008) Development of composite tissue scaffolds containing naturally sourced microporous hydroxyapatite. Chem Eng J 139:398–407
Akram M, Ahmed R, Shakir I, Ibrahim WAW, Hussain R (2013) Extracting hydroxyapatite and its precursors from natural resources. J Mater Sci 49(4):1461
Naga SM, El-Maghraby HF, Mahmoud EM, Talaat MS, Ibrhim AM (2015) Preparation and characterization of highly porous ceramic scaffolds based on thermally treated fish bone. Ceram Int 41:15010
Ferraro V, Carvalho AP, Piccirillo C, Santos MM, Castro PML, Pintado ME (2013) Extraction of high added value biological compounds from sardine, sardine-type fish and mackerel canning residues — a review. Mater Sci Eng C 33:3111–3120
Ruiz-Hitzky E, Darder M, Fernandes FM, Wicklein B, Alcântara ACS, Aranda P (2013) Fibrous clays based bionanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 38:1392–1414
Yuan QH, Qin CP, Wu JB, Xu AP, Zhang ZQ, Liao JQ, Lin SX, Ren XZ, Zhang PX (2016) Synthesis and characterization of cerium-doped hydroxyapatite/polylactic acid composite coatings on metal substrates. Mater Chem Phys 182:365–371
Petricca SE, Marra KG, Kumta PN (2006) Chemical synthesis of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites for orthopaedic applications. Acta Biomater 2:277–286
Mostafa AA, Oudadesse H, Mohamed MB, Foad ES, Gal YL, Cathelineau G (2009) Convenient approach of nanohydroxyapatite polymeric matrix composites. Chem Eng J 153:187–192
Foggia MD, Corda U, Plescia E, Taddei P, Torreggiani A (2010) Effects of sterilisation by high-energy radiation on biomedical poly-(ε-caprolactone)/hydroxyapatite composites. J Mater Sci Mater Med 21:1789–1797
Liuyun J, Chengdong X, Lixin J, Lijuan X (2014) Effect of hydroxyapatite with different morphology on the crystallization behavior, mechanical property and in vitro degradation of hydroxyapatite/poly(lactic-co-glycolic) composite. Compos Sci Technol 93:61–67
Bouakaz BS, Pillin I, Habi A, Grohens Y (2015) Synergy between fillers in Organomontmorillonite/Graphene-PLA nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 116–117:69
Tee TT, Sin LT, Gobinath R, Bee ST, Hui D, Rahmat AR, Kong I, Fang QH (2013) Investigation of nano-size montmorillonite on enhancing polyvinyl alcohol–starch blends prepared via solution cast approach. Compos Part B Eng 47:238–247
Arjmandi R, Hassan A, Mohamad-Haafiz MK, Zakaria Z, Inuwa IM (2014) Characterization of polylactic acid/microcrystalline cellulose/montromorillonite hybrid composites. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 18(3):642
Ray SS, Okamoto M (2003) Polymer/layered silicate Nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing. Prog Polym Sci 28:1539
Giraldo LF, Camilo P, Kyu T (2016) Incorporation of silver in montmorillonite-type phyllosilicates as potential antibacterial material. Curr Opin Chem Eng 11:7–13
Hassan MM (2015) Synergistic effect of montmorillonite–clay and gamma irradiation on the characterizations of waste polyamide copolymer and reclaimed rubber powder nanocomposites. Compos Part B Eng 79:28–34
Peponi L, Puglia D, Torre L, Valentini L, Kenny JM (2014) Processing of nanostructured polymers and advanced polymeric based nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng R 85:1–46
Fernández MJ, Fernández MD, Aranburu I (2013) Poly(l-lactic acid)/organically modified vermiculite nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding: effect of clay modification on microstructure and thermal properties. Eur Polym J 49:1257–1267
Fernández MJ, Fernández MD, Aranburu I (2013) Effect of clay surface modification and organoclay purity on microstructure and thermal properties of poly(L-lactic acid)/vermiculite nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 80–81:372
Morgan AB, Gilman JW (2002) Characterization of polymer-layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction: a comparative study. J Appl Polym Sci 87(8):1329
Michael FM, Ratnam CT, Khalid M, Ramarad S, Walvekar R (2017) Surface modification of nanohydroxyapatite and its loading effect on polylactic acid properties for load bearing implants. Polym Compos 39(8):2880
Zaidi L, Bruzaud S, Bourmaud A, Me’de’ric P, Kaci M, Grohens Y (2010) Relationship between structure and rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of polylactide/cloisite 30B nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 116:1357
Suljovrujic E, Ignjatovic N, Uskokovic D, Mitric M, Mitrovic M, Tomic S (2007) Radiation-induced degradation of hydroxyapatite/polyL-lactide composite biomaterial. Radiat Phys Chem 76:722–728
Venkatesan J, Kim SK (2013) Hydroxyapatite from marine fish bone: isolation and characterization techniques. Marine biomaterials. Hydroxyapatite from marine fish bone chap 2:17
Rajesh R, Hariharasubramanian A, Ravichandran D (2012) Chicken bone as a bioresource for the bioceramic (hydroxyapatite). Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat Elem 187:914–925
Choi D, Marra KG, Kumta PN (2004) Chemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite/poly(ε-caprolactone) composites. Mater Res Bull 39:417–432
Lombardi M, Palmero P, Haberko K, Pyda W, Montanaro L (2011) Processing of a natural hydroxyapatite powder: from powder optimization to porous bodies development. J Eur Ceram Soc 31:2513–2518
Alothman OY, Almajhdi FN, Fouad H (2013) Effect of gamma radiation and accelerated aging on the mechanical and thermal behavior of HDPE/HA nano-composites for bone tissue regeneration. Biomed Eng Online 12(1):95
Bhowmik R, Katti KS, Katti D (2007) Molecular dynamics simulation of hydroxyapatiteepolyacrylic acid interfaces. Polymer 48:664–674
Kasuga T, Ota Y, Nogami M, Abe Y (2001) Preparation and mechanical properties of polylactic acid composites containing hydroxyapatite fibers. Biomaterials 22:19
Berger S, Müller E, Schnabelrauch M (2009) Influence of methacrylate-containing surface modifiers on the mechanical properties of nano-hydroxyapatite/polylactide network composites. Mater Lett 63:2714–2717
Ahmad Z, Mark JE (1998) Biomimetic materials: recent developments in organic-inorganic hybrids. Mater Sci Eng C 6:183–196
Balakrishnan H, Hassan A, Wahit MU, Yussuf AA, Abdul Razak SB (2010) Novel toughened polylactic acid nanocomposite: mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. Mater Des 31:3289–3298
Malwela T, Ray SS (2015) Enzymatic degradation behavior of nanoclay reinforced biodegradable PLA/PBSA blend composites. Int J Biol Macromol 77:131–142
Thellen C, Orroth C, Froio D, Ziegler D, Lucciarini J, Farrell R, D’Souza NA, Ratto JA (2005) Influence of Montmorillonite layered silicate on plasticized poly (L-Lactide) blown films. Polymer 46:11716–11727
Neppalli R, Causin V, Marega C, Modesti M, Adhikari R, Scholtyssek S, Ray SS, Marigo A (2014) The effect of different clays on the structure, morphology and degradation behavior of poly (lactic acid). Appl Clay Sci 87:278–284
Fukushima K, Wu MH, Bocchini S, Rasyida A, Yang MC (2012) PBAT based nanocomposites for medical and industrial applications. Mater Sci Eng C 32:1331–1351
Zembouai I, Kaci M, Bruzaud S, Pillin I, Audic JL, Shayanfar S, Pillai SD (2016) Electron beam radiation effects on properties and ecotoxicity of PHBV/PLA blends in presence of organo-modified montmorillonite. Polym Degrad Stab 132:117–126
Ray SS, Bousmina M (2005) Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites: in green the 21st century materials word. Prog Mater Sci 50:962
Gad YH (2009) Improving the properties of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/clay composite by using electron beam irradiation. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 267:3528–3534
Depan D, Kumar AP, Singh RP (2009) Cell proliferation and controlled drug release studies of nanohybrids based on chitosan-g-lactic acid and montmorillonite. Acta Biomater 5:93–100
Cailloux J, Hakim RN, Santana OO, Bou J, Abt T, Sánchez-Soto M, Carrasco F, Maspoch ML (2016) Reactive extrusion: a useful process to manufacture structurally modified PLA/o-MMT composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 88:106–115
Badrinarayanan P, Ko FK, Wang CH, Richard BA, Kessler MR (2014) Investigation of the effect of clay nanoparticles on the thermal behavior of PLA using a heat flux rapid scanning rate calorimeter. Polym Test 35:1–9
Fukushima K, Tabuani D, Arena M, Gennari M, Camino G (2013) Effect of clay type and loading on thermal, mechanical properties and biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites. React Funct Polym 73:540–549
Yıldırıma Y, Oral A (2014) The influence of γ-ray irradiation on the thermal stability and molecular weight of poly(l-lactic acid) and its nanocomposites. Radiat Phys Chem 96:69–74
Alothman OY, Fouad H, Al-Zahrani SM, Eshra A, Al Rez MF, Ansari SG (2014) Thermal, creep-recovery and viscoelastic behavior of high density polyethylene/hydroxyapatite nano particles for bone substitutes: effects of gamma radiation. Biomed Eng Online 13:125
Li JJ, Dou Y, Yang J, Yin Y, Zhang H, Yao FL, Wang HB, Yao KD (2009) Surface characterization and biocompatibility of micro- and nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin network films. Mater Sci Eng C 29(4):1207–1215
Zaidi L, Bruzaud S, Kaci M, Bourmaud A, Gautier N, Grohens Y (2013) The effects of gamma irradiation on the morphology and properties of polylactide/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 98:348–355
Chadda H, Shahar PS, Satapathy BK, Ray AR (2016) Filler-immobilization assisted designing of hydroxyapatite and silica/ hydroxyapatite filled acrylate based dental restorative composites: comparative evaluation of quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties. J Polym Res 23:197
Arjmandia R, Hassan A, Mohamad Haafiz MK, Zakaria Z (2015) Partial replacement effect ofmontmorillonite with cellulose nanowhiskers on polylactic acidnanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 81:91–99
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ng, H.M., Bee, ST., Sin, L.T. et al. Interaction Effect of Scomberomorus Guttatus-Derived Hydroxyapatite and Montmorillonite on the Characteristics of Polylactic Acid Blends for Biomedical Application. J Polym Res 27, 215 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02138-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02138-w