* Corresponding authors

^a WMG, Warwick Electrochemical Engineering Group, Energy Innovation Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
E-mail: Barun.Chakrabarti@warwick.ac.uk

^b Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands

^c Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy

^d Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, UK

^e Addionics Ltd., Imperial White City Incubator, 80 Wood Lane, London, UK

^f Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

^g Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

^h Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, UK

ⁱ Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK

^j Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada
E-mail: edward.roberts@ucalgary.ca

^k Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA