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Access to prominent political events on the World Wide Web: the case of the final 2016 US presidential debate

  • Communication
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Abstract

The final presidential debate in the U.S. was one of the most widely followed programs of 2016. The main broadcasters aired it live on television and streamed it through social media with closed captioning so that all Americans could access this highly awaited political event. After the debate night, most networks uploaded the full program or fragments of it to their websites in order to make it available to viewers who had missed the original transmission. This paper focuses on the closed captioning provided in the videos of the final debate available on the websites and YouTube channels of the most prominent networks that televised the event. Drawing on literature from Media Accessibility, Communication and Internet Studies, an analysis of the availability and functionality of the online captions in those clips was performed, which proved that the accessibility services offered after the debate night to audiences with hearing loss could be substantially improved.

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Fig. 1

Notes

  1. Closed captioning is the usual term used in America and Australia to describe intralingual subtitles, whereas in Europe this practice is referred to as SDH (Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard of hearing).

  2. This video was played using Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Explorer to make sure that the unavailability of the captions was not due to technical issues related to the browser selection. None of the three browsers tested, which are also the most common, allowed CC activation.

  3. These problems were present when using Chrome and Firefox. Explorer did not allow the reproduction of any of the six videos, so it was impossible to check the availability of the captions using this browser.

  4. Live captions are usually generated in the U.S. using stenotype machines, which are special keyboards that allow captioners to type at very fast speeds. Live captioners need to listen to the speakers’ words, type them and launch their captions so that they can be displayed on screen. For that reason, live captions show a slight delay, meaning that they are available to the viewers several seconds after the words in the captions have been uttered by the speakers. In pre-recorded programs or refeeds, since captions can be prepared and adjusted beforehand, they are properly synchronized so that they appear on screen while the speaker is verbalizing that same message.

  5. Since captioners make real efforts to produce live captions that appear on screen with the slightest delay, they have virtually no time to correct mistakes in their captions. On the other hand, pre-recorded programs allow captions to be prepared beforehand, which translates into errors appearing rarely and far less frequently than in live programming.

  6. At the time of writing this paper, those visualization problems had been solved.

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  73. NBC News: Donald Trump Calls Hillary Clinton A ‘Nasty Woman’|NBC News (2016). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMBge5yYx9o

  74. NBC News: Donald Trump: The Second Amendment Under ‘Absolute Seige’|NBC News (2016). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXEkf4dZ72o

  75. NBC News: Hillary Clinton: ‘There’s No Doubt That I Respect the 2nd Amendment’|NBC News (2016). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gs-TvfivFE

  76. NBC News: Donald Trumps Insists: ‘I Don’t Know Putin’|NBC News (2016). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQIyR3ywYB4

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  1. Department of Writing and Language Studies, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 W University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA

    Nazaret Fresno

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Fresno, N. Access to prominent political events on the World Wide Web: the case of the final 2016 US presidential debate. Univ Access Inf Soc 20, 633–645 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-020-00747-2

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