Abstract
Although the primary cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic mutation, the inflammatory response contributes directly to severity and exacerbation of the diaphragm muscle pathology. The omentum is a lymphoid organ with unique structural and immune functions serving as a sanctuary of hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitors that coordinate immune responses in the peritoneal cavity. Upon activation, these progenitors expand and the organ produces large amounts of growth factors orchestrating tissue regeneration. The omentum of mdx mouse, a DMD murine model, is rich in milky spots and produces growth factors that promote diaphragm muscle regeneration. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the omentum as an important immunologic structure and highlights its contribution to resolution of dystrophic muscle injury by providing an adequate environment for muscle regeneration, thus being a potential site for therapeutic interventions in DMD.
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Abbreviations
- Ang-1:
-
Angiopoietin 1
- CALT:
-
Coelomic-associated lymphoid tissue
- DMD:
-
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- HEV:
-
High endothelial venules
- ICAM-1:
-
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- IRF4:
-
Interferon regulatory factor 4
- LTIC:
-
Lymphoid tissue inducer cells
- LT-α:
-
Lymphotoxin alpha
- MadCAM-1:
-
Mucosal vascular addressing cell adhesion molecule-1
- M-CSF:
-
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MDSC:
-
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MIP-1α:
-
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha
- omFALCs:
-
Omentum fat-associated lymphocyte clusters
- PPARγ:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- RAG-1:
-
Recombination activating gene 1
- RALDH:
-
Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase
- RANTES:
-
Regulated on activated, normal T cell expressed and secreted
- SDF-1α:
-
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha
- STAT:
-
Signal transducers and activators of transcription
- α4β7:
-
Alpha-4-beta-7 integrin
- αLβ2/LFA-1:
-
Alpha-L-beta-2/Leucocyte function-associated antigen-1
- Tyr:
-
Tyrosine kinase
- VCAM:
-
Vascular cell adhesion molecule
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Funding
This study was supported by grants from FAPERJ (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro), PROPPI (UFF), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.
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All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Animal Care Committee CEUA UFF (protocol numbers 171, 717, and 1054) and conducted according to the Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal, CONCEA.
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Gama, J.F.G., Pinheiro, D.F., Da Silva, R.F. et al. The omentum harbors unique conditions in the peritoneal cavity to promote healing and regeneration for diaphragm muscle repair in mdx mice. Cell Tissue Res 382, 447–455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03238-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03238-1