Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Ichthyoplankton distribution and feeding habits of fish larvae at the inshore zone of northern Patagonia, Chile

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Marine Biodiversity Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Inland Sea of Chiloé is a semi-enclosed sea of northern Patagonia characterized by freshwater inputs from a fjord in the north and high influence of offshore waters in its southern sub-basin. The zone has been referred to as an important fish nursery ground. In order to assess its relevance as a spawning ground and the strategies for temporal coexistence of larvae of fish species from diverse origins in these inshore waters, we investigated both the horizontal and vertical distributions, and the feeding habits of early stages of fish during the period of highest productivity (austral spring). Ichthyoplankton richness and abundance were higher in the northern sub-basin, dominated by the offshore midwater lightfish Maurolicus parvipinnis, and the shelf-break and demersal hake Merluccius gayi. The larvae of the coastal rockfish Sebastes oculatus and the clupeid Strangomera bentincki were more abundant in surface waters, while the larvae of Merluccius australis, M. gayi, and M. parvipinnis reached deeper waters. The co-occurring inshore larvae of M. gayi, M. parvipinnis, and S. oculatus preyed actively at day and night times on a wide spectrum of zooplankton sizes, with the small calanoid copepods being the most commonly consumed food items in the largest larvae of M. parvipinnis and M. gayi. Nauplii were frequent food items for smaller larvae of M. parvipinnis, S. oculatus, and S. bentincki. The high spring productivity and the large abundances of potential zooplanktonic prey, along with larval spatial segregation, are visualized as the main factors enabling species with different origins to co-inhabit and grow at inshore waters in northern Patagonia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahlstrom EH (1959) Vertical distribution of pelagic fish eggs and larvae off California and Baja California. Fish Bull 60:107–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Asplin L, Salvanes AGV, Kristoffersen JB (1999) Nonlocal wind-driven fjord-coast advection and its potential effect on plankton and fish recruitment. Fisheries Oceanography 8(4):255–263. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.1999.00109.x

  • Balbontín F, Bernal R (1997) Distribución y abundancia del ictioplancton en la zona austral de Chile. Cienc Tecnol Mar 20:155–163 http://www.cona.cl/pub/revistas/20/2006.pdf. Accessed 29 Jan 2019

  • Balbontín F, Bernal R (2005) Cambios estacionales en la composición y abundancia del ictioplancton delos canales australes entre el Golfo Corcovado y Golfo Elefantes, Chile. Cienc Tecnol Mar 28(1):99–111 http://www.cona.cl/pub/revistas/28-1/2808.pdf. Accessed 29 Jan 2019

  • Balbontín F, Uribe F, Bernal R, Braun M (2004) Descriptions of larvae of Merluccius australis, Macruronus magellanicus, and observations on a larva of Micromesistius australis from southern Chile. New Zeal J Mar Fresh 38:609–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2004.9517266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson DA (1984) Resource partitioning by Menidia menidia and Menidia beryllina (Osteichthyes: Atherinidae). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 18(1–2):21–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal A, Olivar MP, Fernandez de Puelles ML (2013) Feeding patterns of Lampanyctus pusillus (Pisces, Myctophidae) throughout its ontogenetic development. Mar Biol 160:81–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2064-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boltovskoy D (1999) South Atlantic zooplankton. Leiden (ed), Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 1705 pp.

  • Bozzano A, Sabatés A, Vallvey I (2003) Feeding pattern and the visual light environment in myctophid fish larvae. J Fish Biol 63(6):1476–1490. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.00259.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buskey EJP, Lenz H, Hartline DK (2012) Sensory perception, neurobiology and behavioral adaptations for predator avoidance in planktonic copepods. Adapt Behav 20(1):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712311426801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bustos CA, Landaeta MF, Balbontín F (2008a) Efectos ambientales sobre la variabilidad espacial del ictioplancton de Chile austral durante noviembre de 2005. Revista chilena de historia natural 81 (2):205−219. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2008000200005

  • Bustos CA, Landaeta MF, Balbontín F (2008b) Spawning and early nursery areas of anchoveta Engraulis ringens (Jenyns, 1842) in fjords of southern Chile. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 43:381–389. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572008000200014

  • Bustos CA, Landaeta MF, Balbontín F (2011) Ichthyoplankton spatial distribution and its relation with water column stratification in fjords of southern Chile (46° 48′−50° 09’ S) in austral spring 1996 and 2008. Cont Shelf Res 31:293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2010.03.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cáceres M, Valle-Levinson A, Atkinson L (2003) Observations of cross-channel structure of flow in an energetic tidal channel. J Geophys Res 108:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jc000968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo MI, Cifuentes U, Pizarro O, Djurfeldt L, Cáceres M (2016) Seasonal hydrography and surface outflow in a fjord with a deep sill: the Reloncaví fjord, Chile. Ocean Sci 12:533–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2010.09.005

  • Castro LR, Cáceres MA, Silva N, Muñoz MI, León R, Landaeta MF, Soto-Mendoza S (2011) Short-term variations in mesozooplankton, ichthyoplankton, and nutrients associated with semi-diurnal tides in a patagonian Gulf. Continental Shelf Research 31(3–4):282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2010.09.005

  • Clarke K, Gorley R (2006) PRIMER v6: User Manual/Tutorial. PRIMER-E, Plymouth

    Google Scholar 

  • Contreras T, Castro LR, Montecinos S, Gonzalez HE, Soto S, Muñoz MI, Palma S (2014) Environmental conditions, early life stages distributions and larval feeding of Patagonian sprat Sprattus fuegensis and common sardine Strangomera bentincki in fjords and channels of the northern Chilean Patagonia. Prog Oceanogr 129:136–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Contreras T, Olivar MP, Hulley PA, Fernandez de Puelles ML (2018) Feeding ecology of early life stages of mesopelagic fishes in the equatorial and tropical Atlantic. ICES J Mar Sci. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy070

  • Costa MJ, Cabral HN, Drake P, Economou AN, Fernandez-Delgado C, Gordo L, Marchand J, Thiel R (2002) Recruitment and production of commercial species in estuaries. In: Elliott M, Hemingway K (eds) Fishes in estuaries, pp 54–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995228.ch3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Costalago D, Potter P, Pattrick P, Strydom NA (2018) Influence of environmental variables on the larval stages of anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, and sardine, Sardinops sagax, in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Environ Biol Fish 101:225–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-017-0693-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cubillos LA, Ruiz P, Claramunt G, Gacitua S, Núñez S, Castro LR, Riquelme K, Alarcón C, Oyarzun C, Sepúlveda A (2007) Spawning, daily egg production, and spawning stock biomass estimation for common sardine (Strangomera bentincki) and anchovy (Engraulis ringens) center off southern Chile in 2002. Fish Res 86:228–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2007.06.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dávila PM, Figueroa D, Müller E (2002) Freshwater input into the coastal ocean and its relation with the salinity distribution off austral Chile (35–55 °S). Cont Shelf Res 22:521–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00072-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards M, Richardson AJ (2004) Impact of climate change on marine pelagic trophic mismatch and phenology. Nature 430:881–884. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekau W, Auel H, Pörtner HO, Gilbert D (2010) Impacts of hypoxia on the structure and processes in pelagic communities (zooplankton, macro-invertebrates and fish). Biogeosciences 7:1669–1699. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1669-2010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Escribano R, Fernández M, Aranís A (2003) Physical-chemical processes and patterns of diversity of the Chilean eastern boundary pelagic and benthic marine ecosystems: an overview. Gayana (Concepción) 67(2):190–205. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-65382003000200008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flores EA, Castro LR, Narváez DA, Lillo S, Balbontín F, Osorio-Zúñiga F (2019) Inter-annual and seasonal variations in the outer and inner sea spawning zones of southern hake, Merluccius australis, inferred from early life stages distributions in Chilean Patagonia. Prog Oceanogr 171:93–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.12.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González HE, Calderon MJ, Castro L, Clement A, Cuevas LA, Daneri G, Iriarte J, Lizárraga L, Martinez R, Menschel E, Silva N, Carrasco C, Valenzuela CP, Vargas C, Molinet C (2010) Primary production and plankton dynamics in the Reloncaví Fjord and the Interior Sea of Chiloé, Northern Patagonia, Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 402:13–30. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • González-Quirós R, Cabal J, Álvarez-Marqués F, Isla A (2003) Ichthyoplankton distribution and plankton production related to the shelf break front at the Avilés Canyon. ICES J Mar Sci 60:198–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00009-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González-Quirós R, Pascual A, Gomis D, Anadón R (2004) Influence of mesoscale physical forcing on trophic pathways and fish larvae retention in the central Cantabrian Sea. Fish Oceanogr 13:351–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2004.00295.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn HS (1966) Measurement of “overlap” in comparative ecological studies. Am Nat 100(914):419–424. https://doi.org/10.1086/282436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter JR (1981) Feeding ecology and predation of marine fish larvae. In: Lasker R (ed) Marine fish larvae. Morphology, ecology and relation to fisheries. Washington Sea Grant, Seattle, pp 33–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriarte J, González HE, Liu KK, Rivas C, Valenzuela C (2007) spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll and primary productivity in surface waters of southern Chile (41.5 − 43 °S). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 74:471–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JM, Lenz PH (2016) Predator-prey interactions in the plankton: larval fish feeding on evasive copepods. Sci Rep 6:33585. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Landaeta MF, Castro LR (2002) Spring spawning and early nursery zone of the mesopelagic fish Maurolicus parvipinnis at the coastal upwelling zone off Talcahuano, Central Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 226:179–191. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps226179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landaeta MF, Castro LR (2006a) Variabilidad estacional en los patrones espaciales de las asociaciones ictioplanctónicas de la zona de fiordos de Chile austral. Revista Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 29(2):107–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Landaeta MF, Castro LR (2006b) Larval distribution and growth of the rockfish, Sebastes capensis (Sebastidae, Pisces), in the fjords of southern Chile. ICES J Mar Sci 63:714–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.01.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landaeta MF, Suárez-Donoso N, Bustos CA, Balbontín F (2011) Feeding habits of larval Maurolicus parvipinnis (Pisces: Sternoptychidae) in Patagonian fjords. J Plankton Res 33(12):1813–1824. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbr081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landaeta MF, Martínez RA, Bustos CA, Castro LR (2013) Distribution of microplankton and fish larvae related to sharp clines in a Patagonian fjord. Rev Biol Mar Oceanogr 48(2):401–407. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=47928716020. Accessed 29 Jan 2019

  • Landaeta MF, Bustos CA, Contreras JE, Salas-Berríos F, Palacios-Fuentes P, Alvarado-Niño M, Letelier J, Balbontín F (2015) Larval fish feeding ecology, growth and mortality from two basins with contrasting environmental conditions of an inner sea of northern Patagonia, Chile. Mar Environ Res 106:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.03.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llanos A, Herrera G, Bernal P (1996) Análisis del tamaño de las presas en la dieta de las larvas de cuatro clupeiformes en un área costera de Chile central. Sci Mar 60(4):435–442

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopes PC (1979) Eggs and larvae of Maurolicus muelleri (Gonostomatidae) and other fish eggs and larvae from two fjords in western Norway. Sarsia 64(3):199–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1979.10411382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medina G, Castro LR, Pantoja S (2014) Fatty acids in Merluccius australis tissues, a comparison between females from inshore and offshore spawning areas in the Chilean Patagonia. Fish Res 160:41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2013.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montecinos S, Castro LR, Neira S (2016) Stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) and trophic position of Patagonian sprat (Sprattus fuegensis) from the Northern Chilean Patagonia. Fish Res 179:139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2016.02.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morote E, Olivar MP, Villate F, Uriarte I (2010) A comparison of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) larvae feeding in the Northwest Mediterranean: influence of prey availability and ontogeny. ICES J Mar Sci 67:897–908. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morote E, Olivar MP, Bozzano A, Villate F, Uriarte I (2011) Feeding selectivity in larvae of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in relation to ontogeny and visual capabilities. Mar Biol 158:1349–1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-011-1654-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moser HG (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) Atlas No. 33. Allen Press Inc, Lawrence

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser HG, Ahlstrom EH (1996) Myctophidae: lanternfishes. In: Moser HG (ed) The early stages of fishes in the California Current Region. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) Atlas No 33. Allen Press Inc, Lawrence, pp 387–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Myksvoll MS, Sandvik AD, Asplin L, Sundby S (2014) Effects of river regulations on fjord dynamics and retention of coastal cod eggs. ICES J Mar Sci 71(4):943–956. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst113

  • Niklitschek E, Soto D, Lafon A, Molinet C, Toledo P (2013) Southward expansion of the Chilean salmon industry in the Patagonian Fjords: Main environmental challenges. Rev Aquac 5:172–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ojaveer H, Lankov A, Teder M, Simm M, Klais R (2017) Feeding patterns of dominating small pelagic fish in the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea. Hydrobiologia 792(1):331–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-3071-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olivar MP, Sabatés A (1997) Vertical distribution of fish larvae in the North-west Mediterranean Sea in spring. Mar Biol 129:289–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olivar MP, Rubiés P, Salat J (1992) Horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of ichthyoplankton under intense upwelling regimes off Namibia. Afr J Mar Sci 12(1):71–82. https://doi.org/10.2989/0257761920950469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olivar MP, Sabatés A, Alemany F, Balbín R, Fernández de Puelles ML, Torres A (2013) Diel-depth distributions of fish larvae off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean) under two environmental scenarios. J Mar Syst 138:127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.10.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olivar MP, Sabatés A, Pastor MV, Pelegrí JL (2016) Water masses and mesoscale control on latitudinal and cross-shelf variations in larval fish assemblages off NW Africa. Deep-Sea Res Pt 1 117:120–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.10.003

  • Orellana M, Balbontín F (1983) Estudio comparativo de las larvas de Clupeiformes de la costa de Chile. Rev Biol Mar 19:1–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Osorio-Zúñiga F, Landaeta MF, Angulo-Aros J, Balbontín F (2018) Spatio-temporal variability of ichthyoplankton and its relationship with oceanographic conditions at the shelf break off Chilean Patagonia (43° S – 51° S). Mar Biol Res 14:191–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1406663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palomera I, Olivar MP, Salat J, Sabatés A, Coll M, García A, Morales-Nin B (2007) Small pelagic fish in the NW Mediterranean Sea: an ecological review. Prog Oceanogr 74:377–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.04.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearre S (1986) Ratio-based trophic niche breadths of fish, the Sheldon spectrum, and the size-efficiency hypothesis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 27:299–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez J, Cabrero A, Gago J, Guevara-Fletcher C, Herrero M, Hernandez de Rojas A, Garcia A, Laiz-Carrión R, Vergara A, Álvarez P, Piñeiro C, Saborido-Rey F (2015) Vertical distribution and migration of fish larvae in the NW Iberian upwelling system during the winter mixing period: implications for cross-shelf distribution. Fish Oceanogr 24:274–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/fog.12107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatés A, Saiz E (2000) Intra- and interspecific variability in prey size and niche breadth of myctophiform fish larvae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 201:261–271. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps201261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Hernández J, Gabler HM, Amundsen PA (2017) Prey diversity as a driver of resource partitioning between river-dwelling fish species. Ecol Evol 7:2058–2068. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2793

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scharf FS, Juanes F, Rountree RA (2000) Predator size - prey size relationships of marine fish predators: interspecific variation and effects of ontogeny and body size on trophic-niche breadth. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 208:229–248. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps208229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva N, Valdenegro A (2008) Caracterización oceanográfica de canales australes chilenos entre la Boca del Guafo y los canales Pulluche-Chacabuco (CIMAR 8 fiordos). Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 31:5–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva N, Vargas C (2014) Hypoxia in Chilean Patagonian Fjords. Prog Oceanogr 129:62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.05.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva N, Calvete C, Sievers HA (1997) Características oceanográficas físicas y químicas de canales australes chilenos entre Puerto Montt y Laguna San Rafael (Crucero CIMAR-Fiordo 1). Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar 20:23–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith PE, Richardson SL (1977) Standard techniques for pelagic fish egg and larva surveys. FAO Fish Tech Pap 175:1–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Strydom NA (2014) Patterns in larval fish diversity, abundance, and distribution in temperate South African estuaries. Estuaries Coast 38(1):268–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9801-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak CJF, Smilauer P (2002) CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user’s guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca https://www.canoco.com. Accessed 29 Jan 2019

  • Torres R, Silva N, Reid B, Frangopulos M (2014) Silicic acid enrichment of subantarctic surface water from continental inputs along the Patagonian archipelago interior sea (41–56° S). Prog Oceanogr 129:50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.09.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vives F, Shmeleva AA (2007) Crustácea, Copépodos marinos I. Calanoida. Fauna Ibérica 29. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. CSIC, Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  • Vives F, Shmeleva AA (2010) Crustácea, Copépodos marinos II. Non Calanoida. Fauna Ibérica 33. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. CSIC, Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  • Young JW (1992) Feeding ecology of marine fish larvae: an Australian perspective. Bur Rur R P 15:30–36

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank all the scientists and crew involved in the collection of samples during the CIMAR 17 cruise and the LOPEL staff for assisting with the identification of ichthyoplankton. We also appreciate the reviewers’ comments who helped to improve the quality of the article.

Funding

This study was funded by the project FONDECYT-3170420 to Ainhoa Bernal and FONDECYT-1161131 to Leonardo Castro. Additional support was provided by COPAS Sur-Austral CONICYT PIA PFB31 and CONICYT PIA APOYO CCTE AFB170006.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ainhoa Bernal.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Leonardo Castro has received honorariums from COPAS Sur-Austral CONICYT PIA PFB31 and CONICYT PIA APOYO CCTE AFB170006. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted at Comité de Ética, Bioética y Bioseguridad de la Universidad de Concepción, FONDECYT 2017#3170420).

Sampling and field studies

All necessary permits for sampling and field studies were obtained from the competent authorities mentioned above.

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

Author Contribution

AB designed research, conducted experiments in the laboratory, run data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. LC conceived and designed research, and wrote the manuscript. SS and LC contributed with oceanographic data analysis and statistical treatment.

Additional information

Communicated by S. E. Lluch-Cota

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

Microplankton at the surface layer (25–0 m depth), depicting the most representative taxa per m3 and zone (RF: Reloncaví Fjord; RS: Reloncaví Sound; AG: Ancud Gulf; CG: Corcovado Gulf; CD: Desertores Channel; PA: Punta Auchemo; GM: Guafo Mouth) (PNG 1.03 mb)

High resolution image file (EPS 4.55 MB)

ESM 2

Number of copepods per m3 and zone, pooling all the collected individuals of each genus in two layers of the water column (25–0 m and 50–25 m) (RF: Reloncaví Fjord; RS: Reloncaví Sound; AG: Ancud Gulf; DC: Desertores Channel; CG: Corcovado Gulf; PA: Punta Auchemo; GM: Guafo Mouth) (PNG 1.49 mb)

High resolution image file (EPS 5.43 MB)

ESM 3

Dendrogram obtained after logarithmic transformation and Bray-Curtis similarity applied on larval abundances of the whole community composition collected across the CIMAR 17 transect in 2011 (above). Station numbers are shown above the coloured symbols, which indicate zones. Multidimensional scaling ordination (below) was also applied on larval abundances on the base of Bray-Curtis similarity (%), where coloured circles depict the similarity percentage amongst stations (PNG 928 kb)

High resolution image file (TIF 409 kb)

ESM 4

Allometric relationships between Lower Jaw Length (LJL) and standard length (SL), and between Mouth Width (MW) and SL. Black line indicates the regression adjustment. Blue lines indicate the 95% confidence band and red lines the 95% prediction band. Values for correlation coefficient (R), adjusted R-squared (adjusted R2), and equation coefficients - intercept (a) and slope (b) - are also provided in the table (a sig. y b sig.: * significant value (p < 0.05)). (PDF 697 kb)

ESM 5

(DOCX 154 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bernal, A., Castro, L., Soto, S. et al. Ichthyoplankton distribution and feeding habits of fish larvae at the inshore zone of northern Patagonia, Chile. Mar. Biodivers. 50, 56 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01069-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01069-5

Keywords

Navigation