Design and fabrication of amoeba faced photonic crystal fiber for biosensing application
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Since the first structured optical fibres (SOFs) demonstrated by Bell Labs in the 1970s [1], SOFs, especially periodic photonic crystal fibres (PCFs), have attracted more and more interests due to their unique features such as endlessly single-mode [2], high nonlinearity [3], large mode area [4], etc. Therefore, they have widely been used in fiber lasers [[5], [6], [7]], fiber sensors [8,9], and nonlinear devices [3,10]. Moreover, the structure of SOFs is flexible to design, which grants them more features and capabilities, like high birefringence (Hi-Bi) [11] and reduced dispersion [12]. In addition, the real-life context in nature is a huge gallery of art involving nearly perfect structures formed over the millions of years developing [13]. In the last two decades, engineers and scientists have embraced the opportunities arising from mimicking natural materials and translating natural design concepts into man-made products. The structural complexity and hierarchical architecture is particularly intriguing and still challenging to emulate [14]. For example, flower-patterned soft glass PCF can generate an ultra-broadband super-continuum from 350 nm to 2200 nm under the pumping of the ultrashort 1550 nm pulse [15]. Large pitch Kagome-structured hollow-core PCF has broad optical transmission bands covering the visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum with relatively low loss and low chromatic dispersion, no detectable surface modes, and high confinement in the core [16]. Spider-web porous fiber has been identified as a means of achieving low losses, low dispersion THz polymer fibers [17]. Spiral PCF like sunflower seeds offers low bend loss, high nonlinearity, high birefringence and nonzero dispersion for X/Y polarization within the wavelength range of 0.5–1.75 μm [18]. However, there is no report related to the structure/shape similar to nature animals.
In the past two years, spun Hi-Bi doped PCF was attempted to be fabricated with a stack-and-draw technique for circularly polarised laser applications [19]. Different from the normal PCF drawing, it is very hard for the control of the air structure with high speed rotating. When all the air holes are sealed individually at the top of the preform, a novel structured PCF as shown in Fig. 1 has firstly been drawn. The cross-section of this PCF much likes an Amoeba in nature. Here, we further investigate the novel properties of such a micro-structured PCF. Especially, its broad prospects in the biomedical sensing field have also been demonstrated.
Section snippets
AMOEBA FACED PCF FABRICATION
The fabrication of Amoeba faced PCF can be broken up into several stages, including structure design, capillary & cane draw, preform stacking, preform fusing, and final drawing. The structure design was fine-tuned for the capillary and tube dimensions using Autodesk Inventor and COMSOL Multiphysics. Different from the normal PCF drawing, Amoeba faced PCF drawing adopted the self-pressurization scheme C with spinning during drawing in [19]. Fig. 2a shows the preform used for Amoeba faced PCF
Geometry and internal structure of AMOEBA FACED PCF
Fig. 3 delineates the bi-sectional view (Fig. 3(a)) of the proposed PCF and along with internal geometrical parameters (Fig. 3(b–c)). And, the entire structure contains 6 overlapping identical clusters of the circle that maintains the total radius of r4 = 10 μm from the center of the structure and a radius of r2 = 4 μm for each cluster. Here, silica is used as a base material. In addition, the center of each cluster has lied on the perimeter of an imaginary circle with a radius of r3 = 6 μm.
Theoretical Analysis
The proposed PCF is so much unique and inspired by wildlife nature. Here, we are in an experimental phase to implement the natural existing asymmetric pattern that is so much convenient to the probable futuristic PCF models. Moreover, asymmetric structures were not explored well. So, modern photonics is moving forward to implement asymmetric structure. Though it has some complexity, it can provide a better resonance, sensitivity than the conventional structure.
Here, our asymmetric amoeba
Case #01: Core and external ellipses contain bio-samples [Figs. 5–9]
In this case, bio-samples in the core and external ellipses along with the parametric study of the height and width variation is considered for analysis.
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 shows the mode confinement view and effective RI variation vs. operating wavelength compared to the different cancer cell bio-samples respectively. However, it delineates a straight downward shifting line ranging from 1.2 μm to 2.2 μm. For all refractive indices of the cancerous cell, the maximum effective RI varies between
Conclusion
In this paper, a new Amoeba faced PCF is introduced for the first time in the history of bio-sensing. In fact, the entire evaluation is done both practically and numerically by the discrete finite element method (D-FEM) by the simulation of about 22,105 mesh elements. Moreover, the numerical analysis is justified by full vector simulation software COMSOL V-5.1 and considering the refractive indices from it. where silica is assumed as a base material. In fact, in detail parametric study is done
Author statement
Md. Asaduzzaman Jabin, Md. Juwel Rana, Kawsar Ahmed, Bikash Kumar Paul have involved in simulation, optimization and its results analysis. The writing part of simulation has also been done by this team
Yanhua Luo, Gang-Ding Peng, Truong Khang Nguyen, and Vigneswaran Dhasarathan have involved for experimental procedures, data collection and writing part of experimental studies.
Declaration of Competing Interest
No conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), in partnership of the Asian Office of Aerospace R&D (AOARD) and the High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office (HELJTO), for the grant (FA2386-16-1-4031) and also acknowledge Dr. Kevin Cook in the University of Technology Sydney for the SEM characterization of the fiber sample.
Md. Asaduzzaman Jabin, has completed his B.Sc. (Engg.) degree in Information and Communication Technology from Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. Currently, he is serving as a software engineer in a reputed software company. He has several publications in reputed journals. His research interests include photonics, terahertz communication, chemical sensing, sensor design, photonics, biophotonics, nano-technology, data mining and bioinformatics.
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Md. Asaduzzaman Jabin, has completed his B.Sc. (Engg.) degree in Information and Communication Technology from Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. Currently, he is serving as a software engineer in a reputed software company. He has several publications in reputed journals. His research interests include photonics, terahertz communication, chemical sensing, sensor design, photonics, biophotonics, nano-technology, data mining and bioinformatics.
Dr Yanhua Luo, received his B.E and PhD degrees from University of Science and Technology of China (UTSC) in 2004 and 2009, respectively. Currently, he works as a deputy director of Photonics & Optical Communications at University of New South Wales (UNSW) assisting Prof. Gang-Ding Peng to maintain the National Joint fibre Facility at UNSW and develop the next generation functional specialty optical fibers and their devices. His research interest is functional photonics materials, fibers and devices, including rare earth based photonic materials, photo-responsive photonic materials, POF and silica fiber-design, fabrication & applications, etc. He has made many contributions to photonics materials and devices, i.e. developing 3 modes EDFA applied for the mode multiplexing transmission by NEC America Lab; introducing 3D printing technique for the fibre fabrication; develop D shaped fibre gratings applied for SHM of the world largest wind turbine by Vestas; proposing and developing bismuth erbium codoped fibre with ultrabroad band emission; etc. So far he has held 2 China patents and co-authored 108 refereed journal papers, >90 conference papers and 7 book chapters on these subjects. His papers have been cited >1900 times by Google Scholar, with an H-index 23 and >1290 times by ISI Web of Science, with an H-index 19.
Gang-Ding Peng, received his B.Sc. degree in physics from Fudan University, Shanghai, China, in 1982, and the M.Sc. degree in applied physics and Ph.D. in electronic engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 1984 and 1987, respectively. From 1987 through 1988 he was a lecturer at Jiao Tong University. He was a postdoctoral research fellow in the Optical Sciences Centre of the Australian National University, Canberra, from 1988 to 1991. He has been working at the University of NSW in Sydney, Australia, since 1991; was a Queen Elizabeth II Fellow from 1992 to 1996; and is currently a professor in the same university. He is a fellow and life member of both Optical Society of America (OSA) and The International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE). His research interests include silica and polymer optical fibers, optical fiber and waveguide devices, optical fiber sensors, and nonlinear optics. He has worked in research and teaching in photonics and fiber optics for more than 30 years and maintained a high research profile internationally.
Md. Juwel Rana, has completed his B.Sc. (Engg.) degree in Information and Communication Technology from Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. Currently, he is serving as a lecturer on Information and Communication Technology in Abdul Kadir Mollah City College, Bangladesh. He has some publications in reputed journals. His research interests include photonics, terahertz communication, chemical sensing, biophotonics, bioinformatics and data mining.
Kawsar Ahmed received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. Engineering Degree in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) at Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh. He has achieved gold medals for engineering faculty first both in B.Sc. (Engg.) and M.Sc. (Engg.) degree from the university for his academic excellence. Currently, he is serving as an Assistant Professor at the same department. Before that, he joined as a lecturer at the same department and Software Engineering department in Daffodil International University. He has more than 100 publications in IEEE, IET, OSA, Elsevier, Springer, ISI and PubMed indexed journals. He has published two books on bioinformatics and photonic sensor design. He is research coordinator of “Group of Biophotomatiχ”. He is also member of IEEE, SPIE and OSA. He holds top position at his department as well as university, 2nd and 4th top researcher in Bangladesh, 2018 and 2017 (Scopus indexed based) respectively. His research group received SPIE travelling award and best paper award in IEEE WIECON ECE- 2015 Conference. His research interests include sensor design, biophotonics, nanotechnology, data mining and bioinformatics.
Truong Khang Nguyen, received the B.S. degree in Computational Physics from the University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City in 2006, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Ajou University in Suwon, Korea in 2013. From Oct. 2013 to Dec. 2014, he worked at Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou Univerisity, Korea as a postdoctoral fellow. He is currently Head of Division of Computational Physics at Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and also Managing Editor of Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation. He has authored and co-authored 70 peer-reviewed ISI journal articles and 40 conference papers. He has written one book chapter in the area of terahertz antenna and led one patent on terahertz stripline antenna. His current research interests include Microwave Antenna for Wireless Communication; Terahertz Antenna for Compact and Efficient Source; Nano Structures and Nano Antenna for Optical Applications; and Computational Micro/Nano Fluidics.
Bikash Kumar Paul, received his B.Sc. and M.Sc Engineering degree in 2017, 2019 respectively from the Department of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) at Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh. That same year, he joined as a faculty member in department of Computer Science and Engineering at Ranada Prasad Shaha University, Narayangong. Currently he is working as a full time faculty member in the department of Software Engineering at Daffodil International University, Dhaka. As an active research member of Group of Biophotomatiχ, his current research interests are the development of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based sensors, fiber-optic sensors, biophotonics, low loss terahertz waveguide. He has authored and co-authored more than 60 international scientific papers and conference presentations. Moreover, he was 13th top researcher (Scopus indexed based) in Bangladesh, in the year of 2018. In the same year he has been selected as the Best Academic Research Leader of the Year at Daffodil International University. He is also a member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) and Optical Society of America (OSA) since 2016.
Vigneswaran Dhasarathan, is doing research in RF and Photonics. His major research includes mode division multiplexing, space division multiplexing for IOT, orbital angular momentum modes, few mode fiber design, exploring refractive index profile for low DMD and Photonic sensors etc. He has published several papers in National and International conferences. He has also published many papers in Nonlinear optical signal processing, biosensors both experimental and theoretical.