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Comparison of the biogeographic origin of three terrestrial arthropod groups in the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen)

  • Socotra biodiversity research and nature conservation
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Abstract

We reviewed and compared the occurrence and biogeographic origins of three arthropod groups, darkling beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), spiders (Araneae) and butterflies (Papilionoidea) on the Socotra archipelago (Yemen). More than half of the darkling beetles (80.3%) and spiders (51.5%) are endemic to the Socotra archipelago, in contrast with only 5 species (18.5%) of butterflies. The number of non-endemic taxa is higher among those distributed widely in the Afro-Oriental region, less of taxa from Afro-Arabian or African origin. These species colonised the Archipelago by natural means, but we document also introduction through human activity. The exact distribution and evolutionary patterns still need thorough research (e.g. molecular, phylogenetic, and phylogeographic analyses).

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the group Friends of Soqotra for creating an environment of scientific interaction and enhancing awareness on the rich biodiversity of the Socotra archipelago. Our thanks are due to anonymous reviewers who significantly improved the manuscript with their suggestions and comments. We are also obliged to our colleagues who helped us with field research of butterflies, spiders and darkling beetles. Our special thanks are due to our Socotran friends, guides and drivers Ismael and Muhammad Aamar. We are obliged to Luboš Hojný who kindly financially supported the senior author in his last visit of Socotra. Last but not least we thank Petr Maděra (Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic) who helped us to reach the Socotra Island through the Project of Structural funds of EU “Management of natural resources in tropics and subtropics–innovation of study programmes at Faculty of Forestry and Wood technology, Mendel University in Brno” No.: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/07.0156 which started our research of the unique arthropod fauna. Our visits of the island were also financially supported by the grant of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic No.: LA10036/MSMT and partly by the Research plan of the Czech Ministry of Education MSM 6215648902.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Ecology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic

    Luboš Purchart & Vladimír Hula

  2. Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

    Zdeněk Faltýnek Fric

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  1. Luboš Purchart
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This paper belongs to a Topical Collection “Twenty years of biodiversity research and nature conservation in the Socotra Archipelago” edited by Fabio Attorre and Kay Van Damme, conceived at the 18th Friends of Socotra Conference, 26–29 September, 2019, Orto Botanico di Palermo, Palermo, Italy".

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

List of taxa (darkling beetles, spiders and butterflies) included in this paper with their known distribution across Socotra Archipelago, Africa, Asia and Arabian Peninsula. If the “x” symbol is stated in the “Socotra column” only, then the respective species is endemic to Socotra Archipelago. For the list of references used to compile the list of taxa see Supplementary material.

 

Family/species

Socotra

Africa

Asia

Arabian Peninsula

TENEBRIONIDAE

 ALLECULINAE

1

Alogista serricornis (Kolbe, 1897)

x

x

–

–

2

Socotralia brunnea Novák, 2007

x

-

–

–

3

Socotralia intermedia Novák & Purchart, 2012

x

–

–

–

4

Socotralia major Novák, 2007

x

–

–

–

5

Socotralia minor Novák, 2007

x

–

–

–

6

Socotralia montana Novák & Purchart, 2012

x

–

–

–

7

Socotralia reitteri Novák & Purchart, 2012

x

–

–

–

8

Socotralia vybirali Novák & Purchart, 2012

x

–

–

–

COSSYPHODINAE

9

Paramellon socotraense Schawaller, 2006

x

–

–

–

DIAPERINAE

10

Alphitophagus socotranus (Schawaller 2004)

x

–

–

–

11

Corticeus socotranus Purchart & Schawaller, 2012

x

–

–

–

12

Nanocaecus hlavaci Schawaller & Purchart, 2012

x

–

–

–

13

Phaleria (Epiphaleria) prolixa Fairmaire, 1868

x

x

x

x

14

Platydema kochi Schawaller, 2004

x

–

–

–

15

Trachyscelis leoi Lo Cascio & Grita, 2011

x

–

–

–

16

Trachyscelis littoralis Soldati, 2009

x

–

x

x

17

Trachyscelis kochi Nabozhenko & Purchart, 2017

x

–

–

–

PIMELIINAE

18

Adelostoma (Adelostoma) bicarinatum Waterhouse, 1881

x

–

–

–

19

Adelostoma (Adelostoma) granti Gahan, 1900

x

–

–

–

20

Adelostoma (Adelostoma) schawalleri Purchart, 2009

x

–

–

–

21

Adelostoma (Adelostoma) waterhousei Schawaller, 2004

x

–

–

–

22

Eusyntelia balfouri Waterhouse, 1881

x

–

–

–

23

Eusyntelia ebenina Waterhouse, 1881

x

–

–

–

24

Eusyntelia exigua (Gahan, 1900)

x

–

–

–

25

Eusyntelia glabra Waterhouse, 1881

x

–

–

–

26

Eusyntelia opacicollis Gahan, 1900

x

–

–

–

27

Eusyntelia socia (Gahan, 1900)

x

–

–

–

28

Histeromorphus carinatus Purchart, 2014

x

–

–

–

29

Histeromorphus convexicostatus Purchart, 2014

x

–

–

–

30

Histeromorphus nogedensis Purchart, 2014

x

–

–

–

31

Histeromorphus plicatipennis Waterhouse, 1881

x

–

–

–

32

Histeromorphus plicatus (Kraatz 1865)

x

–

–

–

33

Histeromorphus undatus (Gahan 1900)

x

–

–

–

34

Mesostena (Mesostenopa) socotraensis Koch, 1970

x

–

–

–

35

Mesostena (Saxistena) darsiana Koch, 1970

x

–

–

–

36

Mesostena (Saxistena) tibialis (Gahan, 1900)

x

–

–

–

37

Mitotagenia pohli Schawaller, 2004

x

–

–

–

38

Oxycara (Symphoxycara) malgorzatae Purchart, 2014

x

–

–

–

39

Thriptera kraatzi Haag-Rutenberg, 1876

x

–

–

x

40

Vietomorpha crassipes socotraense Mal, 2019

x

–

–

–

41

Zophosis (Gahanosis) undulata Gahan, 1900

x

–

–

–

42

Zophosis (Oculosis) aequalis (Waterhouse 1881)

x

–

–

–

43

Zophosis (Septentriophosis) novaki Purchart, 2014

x

–

–

–

STENOCHIINAE

44

Dioscoridemus vonhayekae Koch, 1970

x

–

–

–

TENEBRIONINAE

45

Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1796)

x

x

x

x

46

Alphitobius laevigatus (Fabricius, 1781)

x

x

x

x

47

Cheirodes (Histiaea) asperulus (Reitter, 1884)

x

x

x

x

48

Clitobius obesus (Waterhouse, 1881)

x

–

–

–

49

Deretus bezdeki Purchart, 2012

x

–

–

–

50

Deretus denticollis Gahan, 1900

x

–

–

–

51

Deretus hajeki Purchart, 2013

x

–

–

–

52

Deretus hulai Purchart, 2012

x

–

–

–

53

Deretus maderai Purchart, 2012

x

–

–

–

54

Deretus necopinatus Purchart, 2012

x

–

–

–

55

Deretus spinicollis Schawaller, 2004

x

–

–

–

56

Diphyrrhynchus dilatipennis Schawaller, 1991

x

–

–

x

57

Freyula psammarina psammarina Koch, 1959

x

x

–

–

58

Gonocephalum (G.) somalicum Gridelli, 1945

x

x

–

–

59

Gonocephalum (Opatropis) blairi (Gebien, 1922)

x

x

–

–

60

Palorus subdepressus (Wollaston, 1864)

x

x

x

x

61

Sclerum socotranum (Schawaller, 2004)

x

–

–

–

62

Socotropatrum costiferum (Waterhouse, 1881)

x

–

–

–

63

Socotropatrum guichardi Koch, 1970

x

–

–

–

64

Socotraphanes dementor Nabozhenko, 2019

x

–

–

–

65

Socotraphanes krali Nabozhenko, 2019

x

–

–

–

66

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797)

x

x

x

x

 

Family/species

Socotra

Africa

Asia

Arabian Peninsula

ARANEAE

AGELENIDAE

1

Agelenella pusilla (Pocock, 1903)

x

–

–

x

ARANEIDAE

2

Araneus cardioceros Pocock, 1899

x

–

–

–

3

Araneus apricus Karsh, 1884

x

x

–

x

4

Argiope sector (Forskål 1775)

x

x

–

–

5

Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775)

x

x

x

x

6

Cyclosa insulana (Costa, 1834)

x

x

x

–

7

Cyphalonotus larvanus (Simon, 1881)

x

x

–

–

8

Gasteracantha sanguinolenta Koch, 1844

x

x

–

–

9

Pararaneus cyrtoscapus (Pocock, 1898)

x

x

–

–

10

Pararaneus spectator (Karsh, 1885)

x

x

–

–

BARYCHELIDAE

11

Atrophothele socotrana Pocock, 1903

x

–

–

–

HERSILIIDAE

12

Hersilia wraniki Rheims, Brescovit & van Harten, 2004

x

–

–

–

LYCOSIDAE

13

Geolycosa urbana (Cambridge, 1876)

x

x

x

–

14

Hogna ferox (Lucas 1838)

x

x

–

–

15

Wadicosa fidelis (Cambridge, 1876)

x

x

x

x

MYGIDAE

16

Moggridgea socotra Griswold, 1987

x

–

–

–

MIMETIDAE

17

Ero aphana (Walckenaer, 1802)

x

x

x

–

MITURGIDAE

18

Cheiracanthium socotrense Pocock, 1903

x

–

–

–

NEPHILIDAE

19

Nephila sumptuosa Gerstäcker, 1873

x

x

–

x

OONOPIDAE

20

Gamasomorpha deksam Saaristo & van Harten 2002

x

–

–

–

21

Orchestina bedu Saaristo & van Harten 2002

x

–

–

–

22

Orchestina foa Saaristo & van Harten 2002

x

–

–

–

23

Silhouettella usgutra Saaristo & van Harten 2002

x

–

–

–

24

Socotroonops socotra Saaristo & van Harten 2002

x

–

–

–

OXIOPIDAE

25

Oxyopes rutilus Simon, 1890

x

–

–

x

26

Peucetia viridis Blackwall, 1858

x

x

x

x

PALPIMANIDAE

27

Scelidomachus socotranus Pocock, 1899

x

–

–

–

PHILODROMIDAE

28

Thanatus forbesi Pocock, 1903

x

–

–

–

PHOLCIDAE

29

Leptopholcus dioscoridis Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001

x

–

–

–

PRODIDOMIDAE

30

Zimiris diffusa Platnick & Penney, 2004

x

–

x

–

SALTICIDAE

31

Afrobeata firma Wesolowska & van Harten, 1994

x

–

–

–

32

Bianor biguttatus Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

33

Habrocestum albopunctatum Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

34

Habrocestum dubium Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

35

Habrocestum ferrugineum Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

36

Habrocestum gibbosum Wesołowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

37

Habrocestum inquinatum Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

38

Habrocestum socotrense Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

39

Habrocestum speciosum Wesolowska & van Harten, 1994

x

–

–

–

40

Hasarius adansoni (Audin, 1826)

x

x

x

x

41

Hasarius insularis Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

42

Heliophanillus suedicola (Simon, 1901)

x

–

–

–

43

Heliophanus parvus Wesolowska & van Harten, 1994

x

–

–

–

44

Pellenes epularis Wesolowska & van Harten, 2007

x

x

x

x

45

Pellenes striolatus Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

46

Plexipus paykulli (Audin, 1826)

x

x

x

x

47

Pseudicius mirus Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

48

Rafalus insignipalpis Simon, 1882

x

–

–

x

49

Thyene imperialis (Rossi, 1846)

x

x

x

–

50

Thyene similis Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002

x

–

–

–

SCYTODIDAE

51

Scytodes bilqis Rheims, Brescovit & van Harten, 2006

x

–

–

x

SELENOPIDAE

52

Selenops radiatus Latreille, 1819

x

x

x

x

SPARASSIDAE

53

Olios socotranus (Pocock, 1903)

x

–

–

–

SICARIIDAE

54

Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820)

x

x

x

x

TETRAGNATHIDAE

55

Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865

x

x

x

–

56

Tetragnatha granti Pocock, 1903

x

–

–

–

TERAPHOSIDAE

57

Monocentropus balfouri Pocock, 1897

x

–

–

–

THERIDIDAE

58

Argyrodes argyrodes (Walckenaer, 1841)

x

x

–

–

59

Latrodectus dahli Levi, 1959

x

x

x

x

60

Latrodectus geometricus Koch, 1841

x

x

x

x

61

Latrodectus hystrix Simon, 1890

x

–

–

x

THOMISIDAE

62

Bassaniodes socotrensis Pocock, 1903

x

–

–

–

63

Dimizonops insularis Pocock, 1903

x

–

–

–

64

Thomisus citrinellus Karsch, 1884

x

x

x

x

65

Thomisus socotrensis Dippenaar-Shoeman & van Harten, 2007

x

–

–

–

ULOBORIDAE

66

Uloborus plumipes Lucas, 1846

x

x

x

x

ZODARIIDAE

67

Acanthinozodium ansieae Jocqué & van Harten, 2015

x

–

–

–

68

Cydrela insularis (Pocock, 1899)

x

–

–

–

 

Family/species

Socotra

Africa

Asia

Arabian Peninsula

PAPILIONOIDEA

1

Acraea neobule Boisduval, 1847

x

x

–

x

2

Azanus jesous (Guérin-Méneville, 1855)

x

x

x

x

3

Belenois anomala (Butler, 1881)

x

–

–

–

4

Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879)

x

x

–

–

5

Byblia anvatara (Boisduval, 1833)

x

x

–

x

6

Cacyreus lingeus (Stoll, 1782)

x

x

–

–

7

Catopsilia florella (Fabricius, 1775)

x

x

x

x

8

Coeliades anchises (Gerstaecker, 1871)

x

x

–

x

9

Colotis evagore (Klug, 1829)

x

x

–

x

10

Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)

x

x

x

x

11

Eurema brigitta (Stoll, 1780)

x

x

x

x

12

Charaxes balfouri Butler, 1881

x

–

–

–

13

Charaxes velox Ogilvie-Grant, 1899

x

–

–

–

14

Chilades trochylus (Freyer, 1845)

x

x

x

x

15

Gegenes pumilio (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)

x

x

x

x

16

Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758)

x

–

x

x

17

Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764)

x

x

x

x

18

Junonia hierta (Fabricius, 1798)

x

x

x

x

19

Junonia oenone (Linnaeus, 1758)

x

x

–

x

20

Leptotes socotranus (Ogilvie-Grant, 1899)

x

–

–

–

21

Papilio demodocus Esper, 1798

x

x

–

x

22

Phalanta phalantha (Drury, 1773)

x

x

x

x

23

Pontia glauconome (Klug, 1829)

x

x

x

–

24

Tarucus quadratus Ogilvie-Grant, 1899

x

–

–

–

25

Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)

x

x

x

x

26

Zizeeria knysna (Trimen, 1862)

x

x

–

x

27

Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775)

x

x

x

x

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Purchart, L., Hula, V. & Fric, Z.F. Comparison of the biogeographic origin of three terrestrial arthropod groups in the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen). Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 31, 623–635 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00926-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-020-00926-6

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