Adaptive Output Feedback Control for the Trajectory Tracking of High-Speed Trains with Disturbance Uncertainties on the Basis of Neural Network Observers

Liu, Yang; Li, Weidong

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7527294

Journal of Advanced Transportation

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Abstract Introduction Results Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 7527294 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7527294

Adaptive Output Feedback Control for the Trajectory Tracking of High-Speed Trains with Disturbance Uncertainties on the Basis of Neural Network Observers

Yang Liu¹and Weidong Li¹

Academic Editor: Paola Pellegrini

Received15 Jan 2020

Revised30 Apr 2020

Accepted13 May 2020

Published09 Jul 2020

Abstract

The dynamic model of high-speed trains (HSTs) is nonlinear and uncertain; hence, with the decrease in the running interval of HSTs, an accurate and safe train operation control algorithm is required. In this study, an adaptive output feedback trajectory tracking control method for HSTs is proposed on the basis of neural network observers. The proposed method aims to solve problems, such as the immeasurable speed, model parameter disturbance, and unknown external disturbance of HSTs. In this method, a neural network adaptive observer is designed to estimate the velocity of an HST. Another neural network model is used to approximate the model uncertainties. Moreover, a robust controller is constructed by considering the train position and velocity tracking errors. In the proposed observer/controller, the bound function of estimator errors is introduced to increase the accuracy and safety of the tracking system. Furthermore, the adaptive update value of the neural networks, output weights, and bound function are performed online. All adaptive algorithms and the observer/controller are synthesized in nonlinear control systems. The error signals of the closed-loop trajectory tracking system are uniformly and eventually bounded through a formal proof on the basis of the Lyapunov methods. Simulation examples illustrate that the proposed controller is robust and has excellent tracking accuracy for system model parameter and external disturbance.

1. Introduction

Given their large capacity, low energy consumption, and low pollution, high-speed trains (HSTs) have become one of the most efficient modes in railway transportation, thereby attracting much attention toward the development of green transport [1]. However, the running process of HSTs is coupled with a complex system and a complex environment. In addition, such process is nonlinear, multiobjective, multiconstrained, and time varying. In summary, the dynamic model of HSTs is nonlinear and uncertain [2–4]. A primary task of automatic train operation (ATO) is speed regulation. A speed regulation control strategy based on a precise model cannot easily satisfy the requirements of safe and punctual operation. With the increase in train speed and the decrease in the running interval of HSTs, an accurate and reliable control strategy that uses an adaptive and intelligent method should be explored to guarantee a safe and comfortable operation.

Proportion integration differentiation (PID) control is widely used in train speed control to ensure the safety of train operation [5–7]. The PID control algorithm is simple and easy to implement and does not easily make mistakes. However, it easily causes the instability and energy consumption of train operation due to the excessive frequency of adjustment. Moreover, its parameter selection has no clear method. Thus, an optimal state of train operation control is difficult to achieve.

To solve the above problem, Sekine et al. [5] proposed a two-degree-of-freedom fuzzy neural network control method, which has a hierarchical structure of two sets of control knowledge. In [6, 7], an adaptive fuzzy PID soft switching control method, which switches between the fuzzy and PID controllers, was first proposed for use in ATO systems. This method improved the smoothness, comfort, and parking accuracy of train operation. However, the above methods were based on the subway as research object or on ordinary electric multiple units with low running speed; such bases are unsuitable for HSTs because the nonlinear characteristics of the train model are evident in high-speed operation. For this reason, the authors in [8] used a data-driven modeling method to establish multiple local linear models to describe the dynamic characteristics of the HST running process. However, the basic contradiction of the linearization method in controlling the nonlinearly controlled object is difficult to avoid.

To enhance the processing of the nonlinear components of trains and achieve an improved accuracy for the speed tracking control of HSTs, the authors in [9] used the Elman neural network. The dynamic model of HSTs was established using substantial offline data, but the time-varying model and external disturbance in the process of train operation were not considered. Li et al. [10] divided the train system into linear and nonlinear components and used the least squares method and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) methods to model the linear and nonlinear components, respectively. However, the stability of the entire closed-loop system was not discussed because the controller was not designed in a unified framework.

In [11], a direct fuzzy controller was designed for one-mass-point and multimass-point models, but the accurate model parameters are necessary and do not consider external disturbances. Combining H₂ and H_∞ methods, the authors in [12] designed an HST cruise controller using accurate model parameters, thereby enhancing the robustness of the system. However, the stability analysis of the closed-loop system was based on linearization theory. Thus, the overshoot of tracking error was relatively large. In consideration of the nonlinear characteristic and uncertain parameters of HSTs, a model predictive control-mixed H_∞ algorithm was designed in [13], thereby achieving velocity tracking control in the case of model disturbance. However, only the matching uncertainties were considered. In [14], a sliding mode adaptive robust controller for HTS was designed on the basis of Lyapunov stability theory. However, no adaptive estimation or robust terms were available for uncertain model parameters and external disturbance. As a result, the convergence of a closed-loop system depended on the design parameters, thus leading to excessive steady-state errors. In [15], a robust adaptive controller based on Lyapunov stability analysis was designed for a multimass-point model and considered external disturbance and parameter uncertainty. In the case of HSTs’ repeated running on tracks, an iterative algorithm was studied in the tracking control [16–19]. However, iterative learning required the motion of HST to be repetitive; that is, the reference speed curve of the train must be unchanged. Thus, the real-time performance of the iterative method was poor, and its convergence speed must be further improved [20].

With the increase in the speed of HST and the development of intelligent transportation, moving block technology must be introduced to improve operational efficiency. Thus, an optimized safety tracking distance is necessary. In this case, the following must be considered: the strong nonlinearity and the uncertainty of the dynamic model of HSTs, the uncertain mismatching under strong wind conditions, the robustness of the controller, and the accuracy of the closed-loop system.

The combination of nonlinear and intelligent methods is a good solution to the above problems. In [21], a trajectory tracking controller of wheeled mobile manipulators was designed on the basis of the fuzzy neural network and extended Kalman filtering; as a result, the tracking problem of wheeled robot under uncertainty is solved. In [22], an adaptive neural network controller of a fully actuated marine surface vessel was proposed. Based on above, the neural network and integral sliding mode method were combined by [23] to design a tracking controller for fully driven surface ships.

In [24, 25], the sliding mode and neural network, the back stepping, and the fuzzy algorithm were used to design a tracking controller for aircraft. In [26], an adaptive sliding mode control system with a double-loop recurrent neural network structure was proposed and applied to the motion control of a gyroscope. In [27], an adaptive high-gain observer was used to estimate the unmeasured state for a nonlinear second-order system with external disturbance. In [28, 29], an adaptive fuzzy observer was designed on the basis of stability theory. In [30, 31], a neural network observer was designed for an uncertain strict feedback system and a nonlinear stochastic system, respectively. In [32], the output feedback control of wheeled mobile robot formation was designed by combining neural network observers. In [33, 34], neural network observers were used to design a trajectory tracking controller for underactuated vehicles. In [35], a neural network observer was designed for noninteger order systems.

Researchers have exerted much effort in identifying and determining the value of a model parameter. The resistance of the HST is related to its operating environment, and the resistance parameter of different HST types also varies. Moreover, obtaining an accurate parameter is difficult, and the train speed variation has a strong nonlinear relationship with the resistance it receives. In addition, the sensor measurement error or sensor failure hinders train operation safety.

These factors restrict the increase in train speed. Thus, we focus on the following: nonlinear characteristics of the HST model, time-variable model parameters, unknown disturbance of the external environment, and immeasurable HST speed. Motivated by these observations, this study proposes an adaptive neural observer- (ANO-) based output feedback controller for the trajectory tracking control of HSTs. The major contributions of this study can be summarized as follows:(1)References [2–12] only dealt with the speed tracking problem of HSTs. In consideration of the demand for multitrain tracking control of the moving block and in combination with the RBF adaptive and sliding mode methods, a displacement and a speed tracking control strategy for HSTs are designed. The sliding mode method is used to ensure the stability of the tracking control. An adaptive neural network is used to estimate the nonlinearity and uncertainty of the HST to ensure the accuracy of the tracking control. A bounded estimation function of design error is used to enhance the robustness of the system.(2)The tracking control algorithm does not require the running speed of an HST. On the basis of [21–32], an adaptive neural network observer is designed under the condition of unknown dynamic model parameters and external interference of HST. Thus, the HST equipment and adaptive neural observer can be reconstructed into pure feedback form.(3)The design parameters of the proposed observer/controller are adjusted online, and the stability and convergence of the closed-loop system are proven through a formal proof based on the Lyapunov methods.

This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the problem formulation. An ANO is designed in Section 3. Section 4 presents the proposed controller. In Section 5, an analysis of stability theories is discussed. In Section 6, the main result for trajectory tracking is presented in the form of a theorem, and a rigorous mathematical explanation is provided. Conclusions are presented in Section 7.

2. Problem Formulation

With only the longitudinal motion of the train considered, the dynamic model of an HST can be expressed as follows [36]:where t represents a continuous time indicator; s(t) (m) and (m/s) are the operating displacement and speed of the train, respectively; M > 0 is the equivalent total mass of the train system, including the weights of the train, passenger, and baggage; F(N) is the resultant force of the train; u(t) (N) is the control input of the train, that is, the traction or braking force of the train; (N) represents the total resistance to the train operation; f_a(s) (N) is the additional resistance to the train operation; and (N) is the general resistance of the train operation.

f_a(s) is a resistance other than the general resistance, which mainly includes slope additional resistance (as shown in Figure 1), curve resistance, and tunnel resistance.where is the tunnel length.

(1)Slope additional resistance: as shown in Figure 1, the slope additional resistance force f_s comes from the grade of the track at the point of the train’s location and is modeled as where α(t) is the slope angle of the current track. The track line comprises several horizontal, slope, and curvature tracks. For a certain slope track, the slope angle θ is a constant.(2)Curve resistance: the curvature force f_c, which comes from the curvature of the track at the point of the train’s location, is modeled as where is the center angle of the curve and is the curve length.(3)Tunnel resistance:

f_a is obtained as follows:

The curve or tunnel can also be converted into an equivalent ramp to obtain the slope angle. Equation (5) can be changed aswhere l(t) is the time-varying additional resistance parameter and r(s) is the time-varying equivalent slope angle of the train displacement. Given that the displacement is the integral of the velocity, equation (6) can be changed towhere t₁ represents the start time of the additional resistance of the train and t₂ represents the end time of the additional resistance of the train.

General resistance consists of mechanical and air resistance and is expressed aswhere a₀(t), a₁(t), and a₂(t) are the general resistance parameters of the train with time variation.

Therefore, the HST motion model adopted in this study can be written as follows:where d(t) represents unmolded dynamics, such as external disturbance.

The common system assumptions in nonlinear and neural network controls are provided to discuss the convergence of the algorithm.

Assumption 1. The reference trajectory is smooth. The first and second derivatives of exist and are bounded.

Assumption 2. For the given desired trajectory , a suitable traction/brake control input can drive the train displacement and velocity . Thus, the desired trajectory x_d over a fixed finite time interval , and is accurately tracked.

Assumption 3. Train parameters M, , , and are unknown but continuously bounded, and they are greater than zero. The time-varying additional resistance parameter and external disturbance are unknown and continuously bounded.

Assumption 4. The ideal NN weights are bounded such that , and is the boundary of .

Assumption 5. The nonlinear term in equation (9) satisfies the following Lipchitz condition:where = 1, 2 is unknown and constant.
The control objective is that, for the mathematical model (9) of HST and under Assumptions 1–3, the parameters and disturbances of the HST model are unknown according to the train position information. The output feedback control law is designed to make the HST run along the expected trajectory and ensure that the closed-loop signal is consistent and ultimately bounded to achieve HST tracking.

3. Adaptive Neural Network Observer Design

The position of a train can be given by GPS and other equipment. Meanwhile, the speed information of the train is measured using a speed sensor, which may have measurement errors or sensor failure. Therefore, this section focuses on estimating the speed information in accordance with the position information of the HST.

First, the observation error is defined:where is the estimation of position; is the estimation of speed; and are the estimation errors of s and , respectively.

The adaptive update laws of the observer are designed as follows:where is the estimate of , D₁ is a robust term whose specific expression is given in the subsequent analysis, and is positive and a design parameter.

The time derivative of equation (11) is determined and integrated in equations (9) and (12) to obtain the following:

The parameters a₀(t), a₁(t), a₂(t), and l(t) in equation (12) are based on Assumption 3 and are continuously bounded variables. Thus, the function is bounded and can be approximated using the neutral network given by the following:where is the input of the neural network; , , and are the boundaries of ; m is the number of neurons in the hidden layer; is the neural network reconstruction error; is the boundary value of ; and is the basic function vector. The basic function is selected aswhere is the center value of the Gaussian function, is the ith hidden layer node, and j = 1, 2, …, m.

Moreover, the velocity vector is unknown. Therefore, the following neural network is used for estimation:where is the input of the neural network and represents the estimated value of used to observe in equation (12).

Substituting equations (13), (15), and (16)into equation (14), we obtain the closed-loop error dynamic equations aswhere the estimation error , . According to the inequality [34], the neutral network weights following the updating law are as follows:where and is positive; is the design parameter and is positive; and is the a priori estimate.

A bounded function exists for , and is the estimation of . The updating law of is designed, and the robust term is defined as follows:

The adaptive updating law is designed as follows:where and is a design constant.

Remark 1. is a smooth function and satisfies [37]. In addition, the function can also be selected as .

Remark 2. If we select the estimated adaptive updating law as equations (12), (19), and (21), then the estimation error can be set to approximately zero.

4. Output Feedback Controller Design

In this section, the sliding mode method is introduced to design the tracking controller of an HST to reference displacement and speed.

The output value of the designed speed observer is used because the speed is immeasurable. Therefore, the displacement tracking error and the speed tracking error are obtained as follows:

The filter error is designed as follows:

The time derivative of equation (21) can be obtained aswhere is a positive designed parameter.

Equation (24) by is used, and (12) is substituted into (24) to obtain the following:

Considering , , , and , we can write equation (25) as follows:where

According to Assumptions 2 and 3, the nonlinear function is unknown and bounded. Thus, the RBF neural network is introduced to approximate as follows:where is the input vector of the neural network; , , and are the boundaries of ; q is the number of neurons in the hidden layer; is the neural network’s forced reconstruction error and is the boundary value of ; and is the basic function vector. The basic function is selected aswhere is the center value of the Gaussian function, is the ith hidden layer node, and j = 1, 2, …, m. denotes n-dimensional Euclidean space.

However, an ideal neural network does not exist, and the velocity vector is unknown; thus, the following neural network is used for estimation:where is the estimated value of .

In accordance with the position information of the HST and the observed speed information, the tracking output feedback control law of the HST is designed aswhere is a positive designed parameter and is a robust term provided in the subsequent analysis.

The neutral network weights use the following updating law:where and is positive and is a positive designed parameter.

Substituting (28), (30), and (31) into (25), we can obtain the closed-loop dynamic equations aswhere is the estimated error.

The error boundary is defined; it is composed of neural network approximation error and external environmental disturbance. The robust term D₂ can be given as

Similar to the observer, the correction [38] is used to design the adaptive update law of aswhere the function and is a positive designed parameter; and are positive designed parameters; and is an estimate of .

Remark 3. If we select the controller (31) and the update adaptive law as (32) and (35), then the estimation error can be set to approximately zero.

5. Stability Analysis

Theorem 1. The nonlinear model of the HST (9) and adaptive neutral network (12) are considered. Under Assumptions 1–5, if we select the neutral network weight updating law (19) and the robust terms with its law (20), then all the signals in the closed-loop systems (13) and (14) are uniformly ultimately bounded.

. Proof of Theorem 1. Considering the Lyapunov functionand derivative providesWe select and in accordance with Assumptions 3 and 4 and the definition of ; therefore, equation (36) can be written asSubstituting (13), (18), (19), and (21) into (38), we state the dynamic equations of V₁ asDefine

Lemma 1. (see [37]). , and the following exists:

Lemma 2. (see [34]). The inequality holds for any , for any , and , where is a constant that satisfies , that is, .

According to Lemmas 1 and 2, we obtain some inequalities as

Then, equation (39) can be written as

Let

Substituting (44) into (43), we can obtain

If and , then .

Thus, , for .

Multiplying equation (43) by provides

Defining and integrating (46) over obtains

Equation (47) shows that is bounded because increasing the value of can be decreased. Thus, the exponential convergence of sliding surfaces is ensured. Hence, all the closed-loop control signals are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB).

Using equation (47), we obtain the Euclidean norm as

Therefore, the error variable can be arbitrarily decreased to .

Theorem 2. The general HST model, which is given by equation (9), is considered. Under the conditions of Assumptions 1–5, if the control law is as (31), the neutral network weight updating laws are as (19) and (32), the robust terms law is as (34), and the adaptive update law is as (35); then, all the signals in the closed-loop systems (33) are uniformly ultimately bounded.

. Proof of Theorem 2. The Lyapunov function is considered as follows:Derivative provides the following:We select and in accordance with Assumptions 3 and 4 and the definition of ; thus, equation (50) can be written asSubstituting (26), (32), and (35), into (51), we obtain the dynamic equations of V₁ asDefine , , and .
Substituting , , and equation (44) into equation (51), we can obtainAccording to Lemmas 1 and 2, we obtain some inequalities asThen, equation (53) can be written asLetSubstituting (56) into (55), we can obtain the following:If and , then .
Thus, , for .
Multiplying equation (57) by providesDefining and integrating (58) over ,Equation (59) shows that is bounded because the value of can be decreased. As a result, the exponential convergence of sliding surfaces is ensured. Hence, all the closed-loop control signals are UUB.
Using equation (59), we obtain the Euclidean norm asTherefore, the error variable can be made arbitrarily small as (Figure 2).

6. Simulation and Results

In this section, simulation studies are conducted for the designed neural network observer and the sliding mode neural network controller.

The CHR380AL HST operation control environment is simulated in MATLAB (R2017b) software. The total nominal mass of the train is M = 890 tons, the continuous operation time is 350 km/h, the maximum operation speed is 380 km/h, , and the basic general resistance is obtained as [37]

Furthermore, the general resistance can be written as

The selected railway track is 561.37 km, with one ramp, one curve, and one tunnel length. The actual operation environment conditions of the train in the computer simulation are shown in Table 1. Such conditions lead to the changes of the additional resistance coefficients in the travel, as shown in Figure 3. Then, the two limited speed ranges are shown in Figure 4 [37]. The steps of additional resistance are calculated as follows.(1)When , , and , the corresponding position is , , and . The general resistance coefficients are selected as (61), and the additional resistance .(2)For , the corresponding position is . The general resistance coefficients are selected as (61), and the additional resistance coefficients are selected, as shown in Table 1. Thus, equation (5) can be written as where is the acceleration of gravity. Substituting into (60), we obtain as 0.0295 (Table 1).(3)For , the corresponding position is . The general resistance coefficients are selected as (61), and the additional resistance coefficients are selected, as shown in Table 1. We select the curve length aswhere is the curve radius.

(a)

(b)

Substituting (61) into (3), we can obtain the following:

Substituting into equation (62), we obtain as 0.0295 (Table 1).

No restricted ramp exists in the tunnel; thus, equation (4) can be written as

Substituting into equation (62), we obtain as 0.0295 (Table 1).

Substituting into equation (63), we obtain as 0.0013 .

Substituting , , and into equation (5), we obtain as 0.0308 .

The disturbance is considered as .

The desired trajectory is optimized by the genetic algorithm in [38], but the algorithm is optimized offline. If the unknown disturbance of the model parameters and external environment occur, then the open-loop control method causes a tracking error. Thus, we provide the method in this study. The designed parameters are given as , , , , , , , .

The other designed parameters are shown in Table 2.

, , and are the observation parameters; and are the tracking control parameters.

To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the influence of different designed parameters for HST, we propose three simulation cases, as follows: Case 1: the control parameters are unchanged; the value of estimated parameters is increased Case 2: the estimated parameters are unchanged; the value of control parameters is increased; all the designed parameters are increased Case 3: the designed parameters are unchanged; the environmental disturbance is changed

In Case 1, we select the parameters from Values 1 to 5, as listed in Table 2. In Case 2, we select the parameters from Values 5 to 9. In Case 3, we select the parameter from Value 10. Figures 5–7 are the results of Case 1. The results in Case 2 are shown in Figures 8–12. The values in Table 3 are the energy consumption and RMS for the corresponding parameters. In Case 3, we select three types of disturbance, namely, no disturbance, fast time-varying disturbance, and slow time-varying disturbance. The parameters are as follows:, , , , and . The energy consumption and RMS for different environmental disturbances are shown in Table 4.

As shown in Figure 5, s − s_hat indicates the position observer estimation error ; as shown in Figure 6, indicates the velocity observer estimation error . In Case 1, the observation parameters are small.

In Case 1, Value 1 is the smallest observation parameter, and Value 5 is the largest. The value of the parameters between them increases from small to large. Figures 5 and 6 show that when the observation parameters are small, the fluctuation of the position estimation error and velocity estimation error is large in the beginning. The estimation error decreases with the increase in the observation parameters. Table 3 shows that when Value 5 is selected, the RMS of the estimation error is reduced to and . Energy consumption is the total energy consumption during HST operation. In Figure 7, the control input curve of Value 1 is jittery in the beginning, and the other curves almost overlap, as shown in Table 3. The energy consumptions of Values 2, 3, 4, and 5 are almost the same and smaller than that of Value 1. Therefore, the comparison of energy consumption, position estimation error, and velocity estimation error shows that a larger selection of observation parameters is better than a smaller one. The RMS value of the velocity tracking error is unchanged, but the RMS value of the position error is increased by 35.4%. Therefore, the selection of parameters requires further analysis.

In Case 2, we select the designed parameters, that is, Values 5 and 6, which have the same estimated parameters and different tracking control parameters. We also consider Values 7 and 8 for comparison. Values 6, 8, and 9 have the same control parameters and different estimated parameters; this case is similar to Case 1. In Figures 8 and 9, the and curves for Values 5 and 6 almost overlap. In Table 3, the RMS values of Values 5 and 6 are 0.6257 and 0.6022, respectively. Observing the curve, the RMS values of Values 5 and 6 are 0.5132 and 0.4957, respectively. In Figure 10, the position error of Value 5 is much larger than that of Value 6. In Figure 11, the speed tracking error of Value 5 is also much larger than that of Value 6. In Table 3, the RMS value of Value 5 is 89.1299, and the RMS value of Value 6 is 0.4084. The RMS values of Values 5 and 6 are 2.0952 and 0.0614, respectively.

Thus, the estimated error of and for Case 2 slightly improves, whereas the tracking error of and greatly improves. These conclusions can also be obtained by comparing the design parameters of Values 7 and 8. The comparison of the curve of Values 6, 8, and 9 in Figure 10 shows that the position tracking performance decreases slightly with the increase in the estimated parameters. However, it is also much smaller than Values 5 and 7. The curve of Value 6 in Figure 11 still has a slight vibration.

In summary, increasing the value of control design parameters can reduce the tracking error of position and speed. Furthermore, increasing the value of observation estimation design parameters can reduce the speed estimation error and reduce the jitter of speed tracking error.

On the basis of the above analysis, the designed parameters of Value 10 are selected. The RMS values of , , , and in Table 3 are greatly reduced. However, as the design parameters start to increase from Value 9, energy consumption also starts to increase. The users can select parameters in accordance with their requirements.

In Case 3, we define three types of environmental disturbances to verify the robustness of the proposed algorithm, as follows:(1)No disturbance:(2)Fast time-varying disturbance:(3)Slow time-varying disturbance:

Figure 13 shows the position tracking curve, and Figure 14 shows the position observer estimation error in the range of . Figure 15 shows the speed estimation error in the range of . Figure 16 shows the position tracking error in the range of . Figure 17 shows the speed tracking error in the range. Figure 18 shows the control output in the range. Table 4 shows the RMS values of each error under three types of environmental disturbances. Table 4 shows that the RMS values increase slightly with the increase in disturbance value. As shown in Table 4, the total energy consumption reveals that HSTs need to consume relatively more energy to improve tracking performance under large disturbance.

The results show that the system can also obtain good tracking performance under large disturbance.

7. Conclusion

An output feedback tracking control for HSTs is designed in this study. In view of the uncertainty of the train dynamic model, the disturbance of the environment, and the immeasurable speed state, a neural network-based speed observer and a sliding mode-based speed and position tracking controller are designed. A Lyapunov-based stability analysis proves that the tracking and state estimation errors are UUB. Three simulation cases are used to test the influence of the designed parameters on speed estimation and tracking error. Therefore, adding control parameters appropriately can reduce tracking error and energy consumption. When the designed parameters are increased to a certain critical value, increasing design parameters continuously can reduce tracking error but increase the energy consumption of the control input. Conclusions from the simulation can be used as the basis of parameter selection in international operations. In future work, multiobjective optimization for energy and tracking error will be explored.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation (NNSF) of China under Grant 61074053.

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Copyright © 2020 Yang Liu and Weidong Li. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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