Vibration and noise characteristics of high-frequency amorphous transformer under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal voltage excitation

doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106298

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Volume 123, December 2020, 106298

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106298 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
The magnetostriction of amorphous materials is much larger than that of silicon steel and nanocrystalline.
•
The vibration and noise of high-frequency transformer are extremely serious under the non-sinusoidal excitation.
•
The influence of natural frequency on the vibration and noise of high frequency transformer is analyzed.

Abstract

The vibration test of silicon steel, amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic rings shows that the magnetostriction of amorphous materials is much larger than that of silicon steel and nanocrystalline. This paper focuses on the measurement and analysis of the vibration and noise of a 5kVA/4.5 kHz amorphous high-frequency transformer (HFT) under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal excitation. Comparing and analyzing the measured data of vibration and noise, the results show that the vibration of HFT under the non-sinusoidal excitation is much larger than that of the sinusoidal excitation. The vibration excited by sinusoidal excitation basically concentrates on the double frequency of the excitation. Most of the vibration under non-sinusoidal excitation is also on the double frequency, but contains many harmonics. The influences are analyzed of duty cycle of rectangular excitation and the natural frequency of HFT on the vibration and noise.

Introduction

The HFT of large capacity in DC/DC converter serves as the core component delivering the electric power, converting the voltages in the high and low voltage side, performing the electrical isolation between inverter and rectifier circuit through the magnetic coupling [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. In the past, the study on the vibration and acoustic noise of electromagnetic devices focuses on electrical machines and line frequency transformers [6], [7], [8]. The influence of Maxwell force and magnetostrictive effect on the vibration of shunt reactor is compared in [6]. The vibration characteristics of the shunt reactor are studied under the condition of strong coupling of electromagnetic machinery in [9]. Based on the electromagnetic force and magnetostrictive effect, Y. Gao has studied the magnetic field distribution and vibration field of the shunt reactor [9], [10], [11], [12]. The method of solving the nodal force is studied in [13].

As a new type of soft magnetic material, amorphous alloy has excellent electromagnetic properties (high permeability and low loss) [14]. The application of amorphous alloy material to HFT core instead of conventional silicon steel sheet can significantly reduce the iron loss and improve efficiency. However, due to magnetostrictive coefficient of the amorphous alloy material is relatively large, the vibration level of amorphous alloy transformer is great, and the noise is sharper than traditional silicon steel transformer. Peng Shuai has studied the influence of nanocrystalline material properties and geometric shape of magnetic cores on acoustic noise emission of medium-frequency transformers [15], [16]. The core with a joint structure and the tank with a strong rigid-frame are proposed for decreasing the audible noise of a distribution transformer in [17]. The magneto-mechanical resonance of a 3-phase and 3-limb model transformer core under different excitation is studied in [18]. Hsu Chang-Hung has studied the influence of magnetostriction on core loss, noise and vibration of amorphous fluxgate sensor [19]. The general working condition of amorphous HFT is under non-sinusoidal excitation, so the vibration mechanism is more complex than traditional transformer. However, there is lack of vibration and noise studies of amorphous alloy HFT in detail. Therefore, it is of great engineering and academic significance to study the vibration and noise characteristics of the amorphous HFT under non-sinusoidal excitations.

In this paper, the vibration properties of silicon steel, amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic rings are firstly compared by means of measurements. Then the magnetostriction of three kinds of materials with different frequencies is obtained by analytic calculation based on the vibration of magnetic rings. The natural frequency of the amorphous HFT is studied by applying different frequency excitations. Finally, the vibration and A-weight noise characteristics of an amorphous HFT excited by sinusoidal and rectangular wave with different duty cycle are studied.

Section snippets

The vibrations of silicon steel, amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic rings

The silicon steel (B30P105), amorphous (1K101) and nanocrystalline (1K107B) magnetic rings with the same dimensions are studied. The inner, outer diameter and height of the magnetic rings are 5 cm, 8 cm, and 2 cm respectively. The vibrations of silicon steel, amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic rings are tested under the sinusoidal excitation of 200 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz, 2500 Hz, 3000 Hz, 3500 Hz, 4000 Hz, 4500 Hz and 5000 Hz. The peak magnetic flux density in the magnetic

Calculation of magnetic flux density under non-sinusoidal excitation

The circuit topology of bidirectional DC-DC converter based on two active bridges interfaced through a HFT is illustrated in Fig. 4 [21]. Each active bridge of the Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter is usually controlled with constant duty cycle or rise time to generate a high-frequency rectangular voltage at its transformer terminals, which are typical output voltages of the DAB DC-DC converters. Rectangular wave is a typical waveform in the DAB DC-DC converter. The relation between the

Experiment set-up

A 5kVA/4.5 kHz amorphous core-type HFT test model has been designed and manufactured. The rated voltages of the HFT are 1.2/0.3 kV. The C-type core is CFCC630 produced by Advanced Technology & Materials Co., Ltd (AT&M), CFCC630 is made of 1 K101 amorphous material and the specific ingredients of the material are Fe₇₈Si₉B₁₂, with a saturation magnetic flux density of 1.2 T. The structural diagram and specific size of CFCC630 amorphous alloy core is shown in Fig. 6(a), where a = 24.3 mm,

Natural frequency test

To measure the natural frequency of the HFT under electrical excitation, a sinusoidal voltage input is applied at the primary winding, and the secondary winding is in an open circuit condition. The primary voltage is [22] $U (ω) = U_{0} cos (ω t)$ where ω is the radian frequency, and U₀ is the amplitude of input voltage.

Because the electrical inputs used in the experiment are much smaller than the saturation values of the HFT, it is reasonable to approximate the magnetostriction in the HFT core by the square

Vibration analysis of HFT under different excitations

The root mean square (RMS) value of magnetic flux density in the HFT core is the same by controlling the voltage amplitude and frequency of sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal excitation. The vibration acceleration waveform and spectrum under sinusoidal excitation of 1 kHz are as shown in Fig. 11 (a) and (b). It can be seen from Fig. 11(a) that the time-domain vibration acceleration waveform of different magnetic flux density is obvious periodic, and the amplitude of vibration acceleration increases

Conclusion

In this paper, a new method of calculating magnetostriction of amorphous and nanocrystalline material based on the vibration of magnetic rings is proposed, and the natural frequency of a 5KVA/4.5 kHz amorphous HFT is studied. Finally, an experimental platform is built to study and analyze the vibration and noise characteristic of amorphous HFT under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal excitation. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:

(1)
Through the vibration measurement of silicon steel

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Pengning Zhang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Lin Li: Supervision, Methodology.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Pengning Zhang was born in Yantai, China, in 1991. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the North China Electric Power University, Beijing, in 2019. He has been a lecturer with School of Mechanical Electronic and Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing) since 2019. His research interests include research on electromagnetic, vibration, and noise analysis on electromagnetic equipment.

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Lin Li (M’10) was born in China in 1962. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, China, in 1997. He was a Visiting Scholar at the University of Florida from 2006 to 2007. He has been a professor with the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University since 2001. His main research interests are in the fields of electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic-field theory and applications.

^☆: This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2020XJJD02).

View full text

Vibration and noise characteristics of high-frequency amorphous transformer under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal voltage excitation☆

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

The vibrations of silicon steel, amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic rings

Calculation of magnetic flux density under non-sinusoidal excitation

Experiment set-up

Natural frequency test

Vibration analysis of HFT under different excitations

Conclusion

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Research on medium- and high-voltage smart distribution grid oriented power electronic transformer

Power Syst Technol

Review of solid-state transformer technologies and their application in power distribution systems

IEEE J Emerg Select Top Power Electron

Design considerations for a medium frequency transformer in a line side power conversion system

Proc IEEE 35th Annu Power Electron Spec Conf Aachen

Performance characterization of a high-power dual active bridge DC-to-DC converter

IEEE Trans Ind Appl

Relevance of magnetostriction and forces for the generation of audible noise of transformer cores

IEEE Trans Magn

Vibration analysis of a reactor driven by an inverter power supply considering electromagnetism and magnetostriction

IEEE Trans. Magn

Design of a reactor driven by inverter power supply to reduce the noise considering electromagnetism and magnetostriction

IEEE Trans Magn

The effect of laminated structure on coupled magnetic field and mechanical analyses of iron core and its homogenization technique

IEEE Trans Magn

Coupled magneto-mechanical analysis considering permeability variation by stress due to both magnetostriction and electromagnetism

IEEE Trans Magn