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Distribution, relative abundance, and level of infestation of the invasive peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its associated natural enemies in Sudan

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Abstract

Bactrocera zonata is a devastating invasive pest of tropical and subtropical horticultural crops. Since its detection in Sudan in 2011, almost no information has emerged regarding its bio-ecology. This study aimed to determine the pest’s range and potential distribution in Sudan, it’s relative abundance, infestation level, associated indigenous natural enemies and assess their role in its natural control. The infestation levels of B. zonata and B. dorsalis were assessed in fruit orchards between 2014 and 2016. MaxEnt software was used to predict the distribution of both species countrywide using occurrence points. Out of eighteen states, B. zonata was recorded coexisting with B. dorsalis in nine states, with relative abundance ranging between 0.2–100%. This co-occurrence was also confirmed by MaxEnt that showed high climate suitability in these states, with the mean annual temperature being the most important variable affecting the distribution of both species. Fruits infested with B. zonata included mango, guava, grapefruit, oranges and papaya. Three parasitioids; Tetrastichus giffardianus, Agonaspis sp. and Psytallia sp. were found associated with B. zonata. Our results provide evidence that the pest is widely spread across the country and poses a significant threat of invasion into neighboring countries and beyond unless early detection and eradication programs are applied.

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Acknowledgments

Authors would like to thank the staff of the Agricultural Research Corporation at all stations in Sudan for Technical and kind support in the Laboratory and field.

Funding

This research was funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), through the program “Support to International Agricultural Research Centres ARIES Code 202748. Additional support was obtained from icipe’s institutional funding from the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID), the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), and the Kenyan Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya

    Mohammed E. E. Mahmoud, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed, Shepard Ndlela, Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag, Fathiya M. Khamis & Sunday Ekesi

  2. Agriculture Research Corporation, 00100, Wad Medani, Sudan

    Mohammed E. E. Mahmoud & Mohamed A. E. Bashir

  3. Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan

    Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag

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  1. Mohammed E. E. Mahmoud
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Contributions

The work was conceptualized by: [Mohammedelnazeir Elfadil Mahmoud, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed and Sunday Ekesi]; methodology: [Mohammedelnazeir Elfadil Mahmoud and Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed]; software: [Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag]; validation: [Mohammedelnazeir Elfadil Mahmoud, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed, Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag and Shepard Ndlela]; formal analysis: [Shepard Ndlela, Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed and Mohammedelnazeir Elfadil Mahmoud]; investigation: Mohammedelnazeir Elfadil Mahmoud, Mohamed A. E. Bashir]; resources: [Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed and Sunday Ekesi] data curation: [Mohammedelnazeir Elfadil Mahmoud, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed and Shepard Ndlela]; writing—original draft preparation: [Mohammedelnazeir Elfadil Mahmoud, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed, Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag and Shepard Ndlela]; writing—review and editing: [Shepard Ndlela, Abdelmutalab G. A. Azrag, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed and Shepard Ndlela]; supervision: [Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed and Fathiya M. Khamis]; project administration: [Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed]; funding acquisition: [Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed and Sunday Ekesi].

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Correspondence to Mohammed E. E. Mahmoud or Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed.

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Mahmoud, M.E.E., Mohamed, S.A., Ndlela, S. et al. Distribution, relative abundance, and level of infestation of the invasive peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its associated natural enemies in Sudan. Phytoparasitica 48, 589–605 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-020-00829-0

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