Abstract
The present research deals with assessment of groundwater quality of Beri block, Jhajjar district, Haryana, India and its nearby villages. Multivariate statistics is an efficient technique to display relationship between different limiting factors. Around 24 groundwater samples were collected. A total of 16 variables were analysed: pH, potassium, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness (calcium, magnesium and total), sulphate, sodium, electrical conductivity and phosphate, chloride (Cl−) and heavy metals, namely iron, chromium, lead and zinc. Principal component analysis is one of the commonly used tools in water quality assessment because it effectively reduces number of variables. Multivariate statistical tools “principal component analysis (PCA)” and “cluster analysis” were used to set up relationship among the studied parameters. PCA showed the existence of up to five significant PCs which account for 80.35% of the variance. Few parameters such as pH, sodium, potassium, sulphate, phosphate and zinc were found to be well within limits as approved by WHO and BIS, whereas parameters such as chloride, alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solids and metals (Pb, Cr and Fe) were found to go beyond the prescribed limits. High levels of hardness, total dissolved solids and chlorides are responsible for saline behaviour of water. The correlation matrices for 16 parameters were executed. EC, TDS, chloride and total hardness were significantly and positively correlated with each other. pH and phosphate (PO42−) were negatively correlated with majority of the physicochemical variables. After studying the physiochemical properties of groundwater samples, it is recommended that water quality parameters should be analysed periodically to conserve the water resources and emphasis should be laid on water quality management practices.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acharya, G. D., Hathi, M. V., Patel, A. D., & Parmar, K. C. (2008). Chemical properties of groundwater in Bhiloda Taluka Region, North Gujarat India. E- Journal of Chemistry, 5(4), 792–796.
Akinbile, C. O., & Yusoff, M. S. (2011). Environmental impact of leachate pollution on groundwater supplies in Akure Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2(1), 81–89.
APHA (American Public Health Association), (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21st ed.). Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
Apodaca, L. E., Jeffery, B. B., & Michelle, C. S. (2002). Water quality in shallow alluvial aquifers, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado 1997. Journal American Water Resources Association, 38(1), 133–143.
BIS. (2012). Indian standard specification for drinking water, IS:10500 [S]. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.
Chapolikar, A. D., Bharad, J. V., Majde, B. R., Chavan, F. R., & Ubale, M. B. (2009). International Journal Chemical Sciences, 7(1), 75–480.
Danielsson, A., Cato, I., Carman, R., et al. (1999). Spatial clustering of metals in the sediments of the Skagerrak/Kattegat. Applied Geochemistry, 14, 689–706.
Dohare, D., Deshpande, S., & Kotiya, A. (2014). Analysis of ground water quality parameters: a Review. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences ISSN, 2278, 9472.
Farnham, I. M., Johannesson, K. H., Singh, A. K., Hodge, V. F., & Stetzenbach, K. J. (2003). Factor analytical approaches for evaluating groundwater trace element chemistry data. Analytica Chimica Acta, 490, 123–138.
Gou, X., Li, Y., & Wang, G. (2007). Heavy metal concentrations and correlations in rain-fed farm soils of Sifangwu Village, Central Gansu Province China. Land Degradation & Development, 18(1), 77–88.
Gupta, D. P., Sunita, S., & Saharan, J. P. (2009). Physiochemical analysis of ground water of selected area of Kaithal City (Haryana) India. Researcher, 1(2), 1–5.
Han, Y. M., Du, P. X., Cao, J. J., & Posmentier, E. S. (2006). Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an Central China. Science of the Total Environment, 355, 176–186.
Jha, A. N., & Verma, P. K. (2000). Physico-chemical properties of drinking water in town area of Godda District under Santal Pargana (Bihar) India. Pollution Research, 19(2), 75–85.
Kangabam, R. D., Bhoominathan, S. D., Kanagaraj, S., & Govindaraju, M. (2017). Development of a water quality index (WQI) for the Loktak Lake in India. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 2907–2918.
Khurana, I., & Sen, R. (2008). Drinking water quality in rural India; Issues and approaches, Water Aid.
Knudson, E. J., Duewer, D. L., Christian, G. D., & Larson, T. V. (1977). Application of factor analysis to the study of rain chemistry in the Puget Sound region.
Kumar, M., & Kumar, R. (2013). Assessment of physico-chemical properties of ground water in granite mining areas in Goramachia Jhansi, UP, India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 2(1), 19–24.
Laaksoharju, M., Skårman, C., & Skårman, E. (1999). Multivariate mixing and mass balance (M3) calculations, a new tool for decoding hydrogeochemical information. Applied Geochemistry, 14(7), 861–871.
Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H., & Kuo, Y. M. (2003). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science of Total Environment, 313(13), 77–89.
McKenna, J. E., Jr. (2003). An enhanced cluster analysis program with bootstrap significance testing for ecological community analysis. Environmental Modelling & Software., 18(3), 205–220.
Mendiguchía, C., Moreno, C., Galindo, R. M. D., & García-Vargas, M. (2004). Using chemometric tools to assess anthropogenic effects in river water, A case study: Guadalquivir River (Spain). Analytica Chimica Acta, 515, 143–149.
Mondal, N. C., Saxena, V. K., & Singh, V. S. (2005). Impact of pollution due to tanneries on groundwater regime. Journal of Current Science, 88, 1988–1994.
Nabila, B., Ahmed, B., & Kacem, M. (2014). An assessment of the physico-chemical parameters of Oran sebkha basin. Applied Water Science, 4, 351–356.
Oladipo, M. O. A., Njinga, R. L., Baba, A., & Mohammed, I. (2011). Contaminant evaluation of major drinking water sources (boreholes water) in Lapai metropolis. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2(6), 123–130.
Patil, V. T., & Patil, R. R. (2010). Physicochemical analysis of selected groundwater samples of Amalner Town in Jalgaon District, Maharashtra India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 7(1), 111–116.
Pranavam, D. T. S., Venkatesa, R. T., Punithavathi, L., Karunanithi, S., & Bhaskaran, A. (2011). Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1), 19–21. http://www.indjst.org.
Rahman, M. S., Saha, N., & Molla, A. H. (2014). Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment and water body around Dhaka export processing zone Bangladesh. Environment Earth Science, 71(5), 2293–2308.
Ramakrishnaiah, C. R., et al. (2009). Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 6(2), 523–530.
Rao, S. N. (2006). Seasonal variation of groundwater quality in a part of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal Environmental Geology, 49, 413–429.
Saravanakumar, K., & Kumar, R. R. (2011). Analysis of water quality parameters of groundwater near Ambattur Industrial Area, Tamilnadu, India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(5), 560–562.
Shankar, B. S., Balasubramanya, N., & Reddy, M. M. T. (2008). Impact of industrialization on groundwater quality-A case study of Peenya industrial area, Bangalore, India. Journal of Environmental and Monitoring Assessment, 142, 263–268.
Singh, N. (2000). Tapping traditional systems of water management. Habitat Debate, 6(3), 14–17.
WHO. (1997). Guideline for Drinking Water Quality [R] (2nd ed., Vol. 2). World Health Organisation, Geneva: Health criteria and other supporting information.
WHO. (2002). Guideline for drinking water quality Health criteria and other supporting information (pp. 940–949). Geneva: World Health Organization.
WHO (2009) Calcium and magnesium in drinking water: public health significance. Geneva, World Health Organisation https://whqlibdoc.who.int/publictions/2009/2789241563550_eng.pdf.
Younger, P. L. (2007). Groundwater in the environment- An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Panghal, V., Bhateria, R. A multivariate statistical approach for monitoring of groundwater quality: a case study of Beri block, Haryana, India. Environ Geochem Health 43, 2615–2629 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00654-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00654-8