Antagonistic effects of dietary guava (Psidium guajava) leaves extract on growth, hemato-biochemical, and immunity response of cypermethrin-intoxicated Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings
Introduction
Cypermethrin[(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl)1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate] is a highly effective synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used for the control of ectoparasites in public health and animal husbandry (Treasurer and Wadsworth, 2004). It also used for the control of pests in domestic, commercial, and agricultural environments (Dobsikova et al., 2006). The rains water may flow from agricultural farms to lagoons, ponds, and rivers carrying this chemical, which can cause high toxicity for fish. CYP is widely known to be highly toxic to fish causing delays in growth and health of many fish species (Das and Mukherjee, 2003; Yılmaz et al., 2004; Velisek et al., 2006; DeMicco et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2010; Majumder and Kaviraj, 2017; Soltanian and Fereidouni, 2017; Eni et al., 2019). Consequently, there is a necessity for finding out reliable methods to minimize these adverse effects of CYP toxicity on fish.
Medicinal plants have been recently used worldwide as natural feed supplements to improve growth, health, immunity, and disease resistance in many fish species (Hoseinifar et al., 2016; Abdel-Tawwab and Abbass, 2017; Hoseinifar et al., 2017; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2018a, Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2018b; Abdel-Razek et al., 2019; Adeshina et al., 2019; Van Doan et al., 2019; Hoseinifar et al., 2020; Abdel-Latif et al., 2020a, Abdel-Latif et al., 2020b). They also may be used to reduce the toxicity effects of many chemical compounds, heavy metals among others on fish (Abdel-Tawwab, 2015; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2015; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2018a, Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2018b; Dawood et al., 2020; El Euony et al., 2020; Khalil et al., 2020). Among these medicinal plants considered to have potential functions is guava, Psidium guajava L., which is a member of the family Myrtaceae and widely distributed throughout the world where the consumption of both its leaves and its fruit is safe (Joseph and Priya, 2011). Guava leaves contain many bioactive compounds including antimutagenic and antioxidants, such as essential oils, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, quercetin, phytosterol, and polysaccharide among others (Tambe et al., 2014; Thenmozhi and Rajan, 2015; Díaz-de-Cerio et al., 2016; Sobral-Souza et al., 2019). Due to these functional compounds, the guava leaves extract (GLE)/powder was used as a feed additive to significantly enhance the growth, antioxidant, and immune responses of many fish species (Giri et al., 2015; Gobi et al., 2016; Fawole et al., 2016; David et al., 2017; Hoseinifar et al., 2019; Omitoyin et al., 2019; Ceballos-Francisco et al., 2020). Hence, the current study hypothesized the possible role of dietary GLE to minimize the toxic effects of CYP on fish performance, health, and immunity.
Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), is one of the most important farmed fish in many countries worldwide due to its high growth rate, easy adaptation to commercial diets, and high tolerance against diseases and environmental stress (El-Sayed, 2019). Due to the use of wastewater in fish farms in Egypt, fish are expected to be exposed to pollutants that affect their growth and welfare. The effect of CYP toxicity on the hemato-biochemical, antioxidant, and immune status in fish has been evaluated in previous studies (Das and Mukherjee, 2003; Yılmaz et al., 2004; Velisek et al., 2006; DeMicco et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2010; Majumder and Kaviraj, 2017; Soltanian and Fereidouni, 2017; Eni et al., 2019). The co-supplementation of functional feed additives to fish showed significant improvements in their growth, oxidative status, and immune response to pesticide toxicity (Hamed and Abdel-Tawwab, 2017; Hussein et al., 2019; Dawood et al., 2020; El Euony et al., 2020; Khalil et al., 2020). Accordingly, the present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of CYP on growth, hemato-bichemical, and immune responses as well as the protective role of dietary GLE supplementation to minimize the CYP-initiated changes in Nile tilapia.
Section snippets
Preparation of ethanolic extract of guava leaves (GLE)
Fresh leaves of guava (P. guajava) were collected from guava trees grown in the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, washed with distilled water, air-dried at room temperature, and eventually powdered. Approximately one kg of leaves powder was macerated in absolute ethanol and was left to stand for 48 h. The ethanolic extract was afterwards filtered through muslin cloth onto a glass wool plug in a glass column, concentrated, and evaporated to dryness at 45 °C using
Fish performance
In the present study, exposure to CYP, dietary GLE, and their interaction (P < .05) significantly affected fish growth and feed intake (Table 2). It is noticed that dietary GLE significantly improved the fish performance represented by final weight, weight gain, and SGR, over those fed the control diet (T1 Vs T2). The lowest performance was observed with fish exposed to CYP alone (T3); meanwhile, in conjunction with CYP toxicity, dietary GLE substantially minimized the adverse effect of CYP
The 96-h LC50 of CYP
In Nile tilapia fingerlings, the 96-h LC50 value of CYP was found to be 5.88 μg/L suggesting that CYP is extremely toxic. In related experiments, the CYP 96-LC50 values were 8.2 and 1.8 μg/L for rainbow trout and bluegill sunfish, respectively (Bradbury and Coast, 1989). Borges et al. (2007) found that 0.193 mg/L was the CYP's 96-h LC50 value for the jundia, Rhamdia quelen. Suvetha et al. (2010) found that the CYP's 24-h LC50 value for common carp, Cyprinus carpio was 1.86 mg/L, while Soltanian
Conclusion
The current study examined the protective role of GLE to ameliorate the CYP toxicity effects on Nile tilapia. The obtained results showed that dietary GLE improved significantly growth and immuno-biochemical parameters of Nile tilapia. On the other hand, CYP exposure significantly suppressed fish growth and immunity. The feeding fish on a GLE-enriched diet minimized the negative impacts of CYP toxicity and normalized the fish performance to be similar to the control group.
Ethical statement
Experimental design and fish handling were approved by the Research Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Data availability statement
Data of the present article are not available.
Statement
The authors state that their individual contribution is equal.
Declaration of Competing Interest
Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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