Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) in the regulation of grain yield, growth, and physiology and biochemistry of fragrant rice under lead (Pb) stress. Three fragrant rice cultivars (Daohuaxiang, Basmati, and Yungengyou14) were grown under two N application levels (CK, 0 kg N ha−1, and HN, 200 kg N ha−1) under Pb-contaminated soil. The grain yield, growth, antioxidant attributes, and N metabolism of fragrant rice cultivars were investigated. Results showed that compared with CK, HN treatment increased grain yield in Daohuaxiang, Basmati, and Yungengyou14 by 24.09%, 26.74%, and 23.29%, respectively. Improvement in the effective panicle, grain number per panicle, and 1000-grain weight and agronomic traits under HN treatment was detected. HN treatment decreased the seed setting rate in the three fragrant rice cultivars. In addition, the peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) activity in HN treatment were increased for the three fragrant rice cultivars at both heading stage and maturity as compared to CK. The correlation between the grain yield and the other investigated parameters has also been accessed. Yungengyou14 produced the highest partial factor productivity of N and agronomic use efficiency of N. Those results suggested that N could improve the grain yield resulted from affecting the growth and physiological response of fragrant rice grown under Pb-contaminated soil.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article.
References
Akhtar N, Khan S, Malook I, Rehman SU, Jamil M (2017) Pb-induced changes in roots of two cultivated rice cultivars grown in lead-contaminated soil mediated by smoke. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:21298–21310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9777-8
Ali B, Xu X, Gill RA, Yang S, Ali S, Tahir M, Zhou WJ (2014) Promotive role of 5-aminolevulinic acid on mineral nutrients and antioxidative defense system under lead toxicity in Brassica napus. Ind Crop Prod 52:617–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.11.033
Ali S, Hafeez A, Ma X, Tung SA, Yang G (2020) Relative potassium ratio balanced the carbon-nitrogen assimilation in cotton leaf under reducing nitrogen application. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20:761–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00163-3
Anjum SA, Ashraf U, Khan I, Tanveer M, Shahid M, Shakoor A, Wang LC (2017) Phyto-toxicity of chromium in maize: oxidative damage, osmolyte accumulation, anti-oxidative defense and chromium uptake. Pedosphere 27:262–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(17)60315-1
Ashraf U, Hussain S, Akbar N, Anjum SA, Hassan W, Tang XR (2018) Water management regimes alter Pb uptake and translocation in fragrant rice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 149:128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.033
Ashraf U, Kanu AS, Mo ZW, Hussain S, Anjum SA, Khan I, Abbas RN, Tang XR (2015) Lead toxicity in rice: effects, mechanisms, and mitigation strategies-a mini review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:18318–18332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5463-x
Ashraf U, Tang X (2017) Yield and quality responses, plant metabolism and metal distribution pattern in aromatic rice under lead (Pb) toxicity. Chemosphere 176:141–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.103
Bryant RJ, McClung AM (2011) Volatile profiles of aromatic and non-aromatic rice cultivars using SPME/GC–MS. Food Chem 124:501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.061
Cenkci S, Cigerci IH, Yildiz M, Ozay C, Bozdag A, Terzi H (2010) Lead contamination reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis and genomic template stability in Brassica rapa L. Environ Exp Bot 67:467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.10.001
Chen JX, Wang XF (2015) Laboratory physiology experimental guidance. South China University of Technology Press, Guangzhou
Chen Q, Zhang XY, Liu YY, Wei JY, Shen WB, Shen ZG, Cui J (2017) Hemin-mediated alleviation of zinc, lead and chromium toxicity is associated with elevated photosynthesis, antioxidative capacity; suppressed metal uptake and oxidative stress in rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 81:253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-016-0202-y
Drescher GL, Silva LS, Sarfaraz Q, Roberts LT, Nicoloso TF, Schwalbert R, Maques RCA (2020) Available nitrogen in paddy soils depth: influence on rice root morphology and plant nutrition. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00190-5
Giannopolitis CN, Ries SK (1977) Superoxide dismutases: I. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiol 59:309–314. https://doi.org/10.2307/4264724
Govil PK, Sorlie JE, Murthy NN, Sujatha D, Reddy GLN, Rudolph-Lund K, Krishna AK, Mohan KR (2008) Soil contamination of heavy metals in the Katedan industrial development area, Hyderabad, India. Environ Monit Assess 140:313–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9869-x
Grimm NB, Foster D, Groffman P, Grove JM, Hopkinson CS, Nadelhoffer KJ, Pataki DE, Peters DP (2008) The changing land-scape: ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution acrossclimatic and societal gradients. Front Ecol Environ 6:264–272. https://doi.org/10.1890/070147
Guo P, Zhu CH, Zha L, Xie ML, Wang LJ, Yuan JC, Kong FL (2016) Effects of the combined application of slow-release urea and urea on activities of key enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen utilization of maize. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China 99-105
Huang ZL, Xie WJ, Wang M, Liu XW, Ashraf U, Qin DJ, Zhuang MS, Li W, Li YZ, Wang SL, Tian H, Mo ZW (2020) Response of rice genotypes with differential nitrate reductase-dependent NO synthesis to melatonin under ZnO nanoparticles’ (NPs) stress. Chemosphere 250:126337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126337
Hung KT, Kao CH (2004) Hydrogen peroxide is necessary for abscisic acid-induced senescence of rice leaves. J Plant Physiol 161:1347–1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.05.011
Jiang ZH, Zhong YM, Yang JP, Wu YXY, Li H, Zheng L (2019) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates on carbon footprint and ecosystem service of carbon sequestration in rice production. Science of Total Environment 670:210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.18
Kato M, Shimizu S (1987) Chlorophyll metabolism in higher plants. VII. Chlorophyll degradation in senescing tobacco leaves; phenolic-dependent peroxidative degradation. Can J Bot 65:729–735. https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-097
Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, Qamar Z, Waqas M (2015) The uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by food plants, their effects on plants nutrients, and associated health risk: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:13772–13799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4881-0
Lee DH, Lee CB (2000) Chilling stress-induced changes of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of cucumber: in gel enzyme activity assays. Plant Sci 159:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00326-5
Lesk C, Rowhani P, Ramankutty N (2016) Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production. Nature 529:84–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16467
Li HS (2000) Experimental principles and techniques of plant physiology and biochemistry. Higher Education Press, Beijing
Li S, Jiang H, Wang J, Wang Y, Pan S, Tian H, Duan M, Wang S, Tang X, Mo Z (2019) Responses of plant growth, physiological, gas exchange parameters of super and non-super rice to rhizosphere temperature at the tillering stage. Sci Rep 9:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47031-9
Li YZ, Lai RF, Li W, Liu JQ, Huang MZ, Tang YJ, Tang XR, Pan SG, Duan MY, Tian H, Wu LM, Wang SL, Mo ZW (2020) γ-Aminobutyric acid regulates grain yield formation in different fragrant rice genotypes under different nitrogen levels. J Plant Growth Regul 39:738–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-019-10016-z
Li WL, Lv YJ, Liu XM, Tong T, Cao XB, Gu WR, Wei S (2018) Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen metabolism enzymes, nitrogen use and yield of maize with different nitrogen efficiency. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences 31:1829–1835. https://doi.org/10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2018.9.012
Liu JG, Cai H, Mei CC, Wang MX (2015) Effects of nano-silicon and common silicon on lead uptake and translocation in two rice cultivars. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 9:905–911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0786-x
Liu JG, Li KQ, Xu JK, Zhang ZJ, Ma TB, Lu XL, Yang JC, Zhu QS (2003) Lead toxicity, uptake, and translocation in different rice cultivars. Plant Sci 165:793–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00273-5
Liu K, Deng J, Lu J, Wang XY, Lu BL, Tian XH, Zhang YB (2019) High nitrogen levels alleviate yield loss of super hybrid rice caused by high temperatures during the flowering stage. Frontiers in Plant Science:10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00357
Liu XW, Huang ZL, Li YZ, Xie WJ, Li W, Tang XR, Ashraf U, Kong LL, Wu LM, Wang SL, Mo ZW (2020) Selenium-silicon (Se-Si) induced modulations in physio-biochemical responses, grain yield, quality, aroma formation and lodging in fragrant rice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 196:1105252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110525
Macadam JW, Nelson CJ, Sharp RE (1992) Peroxidase activity in the leaf elongation zone of tall fescue: I. Spatial distribution of ionically bound peroxidase activity in genotypes differing in length of the elongation zone. Plant Physiol 99:872–878. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.99.3.872
Mates JM, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Marquez J (2010) Roles of dioxins and heavy metals in cancer and neurological diseases using ROS-mediated mechanisms. Free Radical Bio Med 49:1328–1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.028
Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7:405–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02312-9
Mo ZW, Ashraf U, Tang YJ, Li W, Pan SG, Duan MY, Tian H, Tang XR (2018) Nitrogen application at the booting stage affects 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, proline, and total nitrogen contents in aromatic rice. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 78:165–172. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392018000200165
Mo ZW, Lei S, Ashraf U, Khan I, Li Y, Pan SG, Duan MY, Tian H, Tang XR (2017) Silicon fertilization modulates 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content, yield formation and grain quality of aromatic rice. J Cereal Sci 75:17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2017.03.014
Mo ZW, Li Y, Nie J, He LX, Pan SG, Duan MY, Tian H, Xiao LZ, Zhong KQ, Tang XR (2019a) Nitrogen application and different water regimes at booting stage improved yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) formation in fragrant rice. Rice 12:74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-019-0328-4
Mo ZW, Liu Q, Xie WJ, Ashraf U, Abrar M, Pan SG, Duan MY, Tian H, Wang SL, Tang XR (2020) Ultrasonic seed treatment and Cu application modulate photosynthesis, grain quality, and Cu concentrations in aromatic rice. Photosynthetica 682-691. https://doi.org/10.32615/ps.2020.009
Mo ZW, Tang YJ, Ashraf U, Pan SG, Duan MY, Tian H, Wang SL, Tang XR (2019b) Regulations in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline contents in fragrant rice are associated with water-nitrogen dynamics and plant nutrient contents. J Cereal Sci 88:96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.05.013
Pan SG, Liu HD, Mo ZW, Patterson B, Duan MY, Tian H, Hu SJ, Tang XR (2017a) Effects of nitrogen and shading on root morphologies, nutrient accumulation, and photosynthetic parameters in different rice genotypes. Sci Rep 6:32148. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45611
Pan SG, Wen XC, Wang ZM, Ashraf U, Tian H, Duan MY, Mo ZW, Fan PS, Tang XR (2017b) Benefits of mechanized deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer in direct-seeded rice in South China. Field Crop Res 203:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.12.011
Pourrut B, Shahid M, Dumat C, Winterton P, Pinelli E (2011) Lead uptake, toxicity and detoxification in plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 213:113–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9860-6_4
Rao GS, Ashraf U, Huang SH, Cheng SR, Abrar M, Mo ZW, Pan SG, Tang XR (2018) Ultrasonic seed treatment improved physiological and yield traits of rice under lead toxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:33637–33644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3303-5
Rao KVM, Sresty TVS (2000) Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses. Plant Sci 157:113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00273-9
Shahid M, Pinelli E, Pourrut B, Silvestre J, Dumat C (2011) Lead-induced genotoxicity to Vicia faba L. roots in relation with metal cell uptake and initial speciation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.037
Sharma P, Dubey RS (2005) Lead toxicity in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol 17:35–52. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202005000100004
Siddique IA, Al Mahmud A, Hossain M, Islam RM, Gaihre YK, Singh U (2020) Movement and retention of NH4-N in wetland rice soils as affected by urea application methods. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20:589–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00148-2
Thakur S, Singh L, Zularisam AW, Sakinah M, Din MFM (2017) Lead induced oxidative stress and alteration in the activities of antioxidative enzymes in rice shoots. Biol Plant 61:595–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-016-0680-9
Verma S, Dubey RS (2003) Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Sci 164:645–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00022-0
Wang JJ, Yi X, Cui J, Chang YJ, Yao DR, Zhou DM, Yang J, Zhou J, Chan A, Wang W, Yin XJ (2019) Nonlinear effects of increasing nitrogen deposition on rice growth and heavy metal uptake in a red soil ecosystem of southeastern China. The Science of the Total Environment 670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.245
Wang XC, Xiong SP, Ma XM, Zhang JJ, Wang ZQ (2005) Effects of different nitrogen forms on key enzyme activity involved in nitrogen metabolism and grain protein content in speciality wheat cultivars. Acta Ecol Sin 25:802–807
Wani W, Masoodi KZ, Zaid A, Wani SH, Shah F, Meena VS, Qani SA, Mosa A (2018) Engineering plants for heavy metal stress tolerance. Rend Fis Acc Lincei 29:709–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-018-0702-y
Xie W, Kong L, Ma L, Ashraf U, Pan S, Duan M, Tian H, Wu L, Tang X, Mo Z (2020) Enhancement of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) concentration, total yield, and quality in fragrant rice through exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) application. J Cereal Sci 91:102900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102900
Xu CM, Wang DY, Chen S, Chen LP, Zhang XF (2013) Effects of aeration on root physiology and nitrogen metabolism in rice. Rice Sci 20:148–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60118-3
Zaid A, Mohammad F (2018) Methyl jasmonate and nitrogen interact to alleviate cadmium stress in Mentha arvensis by regulating physio-biochemical damages and ROS detoxification. J Plant Growth Regul 37:1331–1348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0344-018-9854-3
Zhao C, Piao SL, Wang XH, Huang Y, Ciais P, Elliott J, Huang MT, Janssens IA, Li T, Lian X, Liu YW, Muller C, Peng SS, Wang T, Zeng ZZ, Penuelas J (2016) Plausible rice yield losses under future climate warming. Nature Plants 3:16202. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.202
Zhong C, Cao XC, Bai ZG, Zhang JH, Zhu LF, Huang JL, Jin QY (2018) Nitrogen metabolism correlates with the acclimation of photosynthesis to short-term water stress in rice (oryza sativa, l.). Plant Physiol Biochem 125:52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.01.024
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B020221003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601244), and the Guangzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Commissioner Project (GZKTP201815).
Code Availability
No code.
Funding
This study was funded by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B020221003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601244), and the Guangzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Commissioner Project (GZKTP201815).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Zhaowen Mo designed the experiments; Yuzhan Li, Yangfan Yan, Xinhang Wei, Yihan Yang, Long Zhang, and Lin Ma investigated the traits; Zhaowen Mo, Huoyi Feng, and Wu Li analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; Zhaowen Mo, Huoyi Feng, and Wu Li revised and edited the manuscript. Xiangru Tang is the leader of our research team. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethics Approval
Not applicable.
Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
The authors permitted that this article can be published in Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Feng, H., Li, Y., Yan, Y. et al. Nitrogen Regulates the Grain Yield, Antioxidant Attributes, and Nitrogen Metabolism in Fragrant Rice Grown Under Lead-Contaminated Soil. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20, 2099–2111 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00278-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00278-y