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Comparison of five extraction methods for evaluating cadmium and zinc immobilization in soil

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Abstract

The remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals is an ongoing environmental concern. Paddy soils contaminated with Cd and Zn were collected from around abandoned metals mines in Korea. Limestone and steel slag were mixed with the collected soil, as amendments for Cd and Zn immobilization. Sequential extraction, lettuce cultivation and five single extraction methods were carried out to assess the effects on Cd and Zn immobilization using amendments. The exchangeable fraction of Cd and Zn was decreased and Fe–Mn oxides fraction increased by stabilization using amendments. In addition, the accumulation of Cd and Zn in lettuce decreased in treated soil and indicated the Cd and Zn immobilization effect in soil by the amendments. The extractable Cd and Zn by CaCl2 and Mehlich-3 in the untreated soils were higher than that of treated soils, whereas Cd and Zn extraction by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylene tetramine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) has a small or no difference between the untreated and treated soils. The extraction results by CaCl2 and Mehlich-3 methods present reasonable results for Cd and Zn immobilization in soil than EDTA, DTPA and TCLP methods. Therefore, the choice of appropriate extraction method is very important when there is the assessment of Cd and Zn immobilization efficiency.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2017R1A6A3A04008168) and GIST Research Institute (GRI) grant funded by the GIST in 2019.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea

    Hyeop-Jo Han & Jong-Un Lee

  2. Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea

    Myoung-Soo Ko

  3. School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea

    Kyoung-Woong Kim

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  1. Hyeop-Jo Han
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Correspondence to Myoung-Soo Ko or Kyoung-Woong Kim.

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Han, HJ., Lee, JU., Ko, MS. et al. Comparison of five extraction methods for evaluating cadmium and zinc immobilization in soil. Environ Geochem Health 42, 4203–4212 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00650-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00650-y

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