Abstract
Following the trends of Chinese rural transformation development, and the sustainable development goals for resources and environment, reasonable arranging the potential development space and the ecological space, so as to optimize the distributions of rural settlement would be the key challenge for rural areas in ecologically fragile regions. From the perspective of maintaining regional ecological security, this paper takes Da’an City, a typical ecological fragile region in Jilin Province, as the case area, constructing the comprehensive ecological security pattern (ESP) on basis of landscape ecology, and applying the landscape pattern indexes to quantitative analysis the spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements. Then, different optimization directions and management strategies are put forward for rural settlements in each secure zone under the comprehensive ESP. The experimental results showed that 1) the area of the low security zone, the general security zone, the moderate security zone and the extreme security zone was 1570.18 km2, 1463.36 km2, 1215.80 km2 and 629.77 km2, representing 32.18%, 29.99%, 24.92% and 12.91% of the total area of the target area, respectively. 2) The rural settlements in Da’an City were characterized by a high degree of fragmentation with a large number of small-scale patches. 3) The area of rural settlements in the ecological relocation zone, the in situ remediation zone, the limited development zone and the key development zone was 22.80 km2, 42.31 km2, 36.28 km2 and 19.40 km2, accounting for 18.88%, 35.03%, 30.04% and 16.06% of the total area of rural settlements, respectively. Then, different measures were proposed for settlements in different optimization zones in order to scientifically plan important ecological space, production space and living space in rural areas. This paper aims to provide fundamental support for rural settlements based on redistribution from the perspective of landscape ecology and provide insights for rural planning and rural habitat environmental improvement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akıncı H, Özalp A Y, Turgut B, 2013. Agricultural land use suitability analysis using GIS and AHP technique. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 97: 71–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.07.006
Arnall A, Thomas D S G, Twyman C et al., 2013. Flooding, resettlement, and change in livelihoods: evidence from rural Mozambique. Disasters, 37(3): 468–188. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12003
Atik D, Erdoǧan N, 2017. A model suggestion for determining physical and socio-cultural changes of traditional settlements in Turkey. ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 14(2): 81–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2017.62534
Baffoe G, 2019. Exploring the utility of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in ranking livelihood activities for effective and sustainable rural development interventions in developing countries. Evaluation and Program Planning, 72: 197–204. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.10.017
Bański J, Wesolowska M, 2010. Transformations in housing construction in rural areas of Poland’s Lublin Region—influence on the spatial settlement structure and landscape aesthetics. Landscape and Urban Planning, 94(2): 116–126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.08.005
Bhardwaj A K, Mishra V K, Singh A K et al., 2019. Soil salinity and land use-land cover interactions with soil carbon in a salt-affected irrigation canal command of Indo-Gangetic plain. Catena, 180: 392–400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.05.015
Carter M R, Little P D, Mogues T et al., 2007. Poverty traps and natural disasters in Ethiopia and Honduras. World Development, 35(5): 835–856. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.09.010
Chen Z F, Liu Y S, Feng W L et al., 2019. Study on spatial tropism distribution of rural settlements in the Loess Hilly and Gully Region based on natural factors and traffic accessibility. Journal of Rural Studies. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.02.014
Cheng Yeqing, Wang Yanfei, Wang Zheye et al., 2013. Changing rural development inequality in Jilin Province, northeast China. Chinese Geographical Science, 23(5): 620–633. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-013-0629-2
Datry T, Pella H, Leigh C et al., 2016. A landscape approach to advance intermittent river ecology. Freshwater Biology, 61(8): 1200–1213. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12645
Du Xiangzuo, Wang Cheng, Jiang Wenhong et al., 2015. Rural settlements restructuring based on analysis of the gravity model at village level: the case of Dazhu Village, Chongqing, China. Economic Geography, 35(12): 154–160. (in Chinese)
Gurrutxaga M, Rubio L, Saura S, 2011. Key connectors in protected forest area networks and the impact of highways: a transnational case study from the Cantabrian Range to the Western Alps (SW Europe). Landscape and Urban Planning, 101(4): 310–320. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.036
He Q S, Tan S K, Yin C H et al., 2019. Collaborative optimization of rural residential land consolidation and urban construction land expansion: a case study of Huangpi in Wuhan, China. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 74: 218–228. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2018.11.005
Hobbs R, 1997. Future landscapes and the future of landscape ecology. Landscape and Urban Planning, 37(1–2): 1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(96)00364-7
Hodson M, Marvin S, 2009. ‘Urban ecological security’: a new urban paradigm? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(1): 193–215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00832.x
Hong W Y, Jiang R R, Yang C Y et al., 2016. Establishing an ecological vulnerability assessment indicator system for spatial recognition and management of ecologically vulnerable areas in highly urbanized regions: a case study of Shenzhen, China. Ecological Indicators, 69: 540–547. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.05.028
Hou Dongmin, 2010. The present situation and prospect of eco-migrants in Chinese ecological fragile areas. World Environment, (4): 32–35. (in Chinese)
Hu Wangshu, Wang Sisi, Li Dihua, 2010. Biological conservation security patterns plan in Beijing based on the focal species approach. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30(16): 4266–4276. (in Chinese)
Hu Weiwei, 2015. The calculation of rural residential consolidation potential of Shanyin County in Shanxi Province. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 43(4): 340–344. (in Chinese)
Huan Ying, Zhang Wenjing, Wang Nan, 2014. Assessment of the carrying capacity of agricultural water resources in western region of Jilin based on principal component analysis. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 31(9): 11–16. (in Chinese)
Infante-Amate J, Villa I, Jiménez F et al., 2016. The rise and fall of the cortijo system: scattered rural settlements and the colonization of land in Spain’s Mediterranean mountains since 1581. Journal of Historical Geography, 54: 63–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2016.09.001
Jiang G H, He X, Qu Y B et al., 2016. Functional evolution of rural housing land: a comparative analysis across four typical areas representing different stages of industrialization in China. Land Use Policy, 57: 645–654. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.037
Kong Xuesong, Jin Lulu, Qie Yu et al., 2014. Layout optimization of rural settlements based on point-axis theory. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 30(8): 192–200. (in Chinese)
Kong X S, Liu D F, Tian Y S et al., 2019. Multi-objective spatial reconstruction of rural settlements considering intervillage social connections. Journal of Rural Studies. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.02.028
Li Xiaoyan, Zhang Shuwen, 2005. Tempo-spatial dynamics and driving factors of saline-alkali land in Daan City of Jilin Province. Resources Science, 27(3): 92–97. (in Chinese)
Li Dongmei, 2017. Study on the Evolution of Rural Settlements and Its Spatial Coupling Relationship with Land Salinization in the Ecologically Fragile Areas. Changchun: Jilin University. (in Chinese)
Li Yaping, Liu Xiushuang, Wang Ping et al., 2019. Farmers’ environmental awareness and behavior in ecologically fragile areas: taking typical salinized areas in Shandong Province as example. Areal Research and Development, 38(4): 127–131. (in Chinese)
Li D M, Wang D Y, Li H et al., 2016a. The effects of urban sprawl on the spatial evolution of rural settlements: a case study in Changchun, China. Sustainability, 8(8): 736. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080736
Li F, Zhang S W, Yang J C et al., 2016b. The effects of population density changes on ecosystem services value: a case study in Western Jilin, China. Ecological Indicators, 61: 328–337. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.033
Li H L, Peng J, Liu Y X et al., 2017. Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in Beijing City, China: a spatial heterogeneity perspective. Ecological Indicators, 82: 50–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.06.032
Lin Jia, Song Ge, Zhang Ying, 2018. Regionalization planning for prevention and control of saline-alkali land based on a landscape ecology risk pattern theory: a case study in Lindian County, Heilongjiang Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 38(15): 5509–5518. (in Chinese)
Lin Q, Mao J Y, Wu J S et al., 2016. Ecological security pattern analysis based on invest and least-cost path model: a case study of Dongguan water village. Sustainability, 8(2): 172. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020172
Lin Y Z, Deng X Z, Li X et al., 2014. Comparison of multinomial logistic regression and logistic regression: which is more efficient in allocating land use? Frontiers of Earth Science, 8(4): 512–523. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-014-0426-y
Liu D F, Tang W W, Liu Y L et al., 2017a. Optimal rural land use allocation in central China: linking the effect of spatiotemporal patterns and policy interventions. Applied Geography, 86: 165–182. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.05.012
Liu S H, Wang D Y, Li H et al., 2017b. The ecological security pattern and its constraint on urban expansion of a black soil farming area in northeast China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(9): 263. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6090263
Liu Y S, Li Y H, 2017. Revitalize the world’s countryside. Nature, 548(7667): 275–277. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/548275a
Liu Z J, Wu D, He B J et al., 2019. Evaluating potentials of passive solar heating renovation for the energy poverty alleviation of plateau areas in developing countries: a case study in rural Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Solar Energy, 187: 95–107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.05.049
Lo K, Xue L Y, Wang M, 2016. Spatial restructuring through poverty alleviation resettlement in rural China. Journal of Rural Studies, 47: 496–505. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.06.006
Lo K, Wang M, 2018. How voluntary is poverty alleviation resettlement in China? Habitat International, 73: 34–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.01.002
Long H L, Zou J, Liu Y S, 2009. Differentiation of rural development driven by industrialization and urbanization in eastern coastal China. Habitat International, 33(4): 454–462. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.03.003
Long H L, Li Y R, Liu Y S et al., 2012. Accelerated restructuring in rural China fueled by ‘increasing vs. decreasing balance’ land-use policy for dealing with hollowed villages. Land Use Policy, 29(1): 11–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.04.003
Long H L, Tu S S, Ge D Z et al., 2016. The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring: problems and prospects. Journal of Rural Studies, 47: 392–412. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.011
Long H L, Liu Y S, 2016. Rural restructuring in China. Journal of Rural Studies, 47: 387–391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.028
Long H Y, Lin B Q, Ou Y T et al., 2019. Spatio-temporal analysis of driving factors of water resources consumption in China. Science of the Total Environment, 690: 1321–1330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.311
Lv Xiaofang, Wang Yanglin, Zhang Yili et al., 2007. Analysis of land use change and its desertification response in the central Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: a case study of Yanchi County. Geographical Research, 26(6): 1156–1164. (in Chinese)
Ma L B, Bo J, Li X Y et al., 2019. Identifying key landscape pattern indices influencing the ecological security of inland river basin: the middle and lower reaches of Shule River Basin as an example. Science of the Total Environment, 674: 424–438. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.107
Markey S, Halseth G, Manson D, 2008. Challenging the inevitability of rural decline: advancing the policy of place in northern British Columbia. Journal of Rural Studies, 24(4): 409–121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2008.03.012
Mayer A L, Buma B, Davis A et al., 2016. How landscape ecology informs global land-change science and policy. BioScience, 66(6): 458–469. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw035
Muilu T, Rusanen J, 2004. Rural definitions and short-term dynamics in rural areas of Finland in 1989–97. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 36(8): 1499–1516. doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/a36169
Naveh Z, 1994. From biodiversity to ecodiversity: a landscape-ecology approach to conservation and restoration. Restoration Ecology, 2(3): 180–189. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1994.tb00065.x
Nepal S K, 2007. Tourism and rural settlements Nepal’s Annapurna region. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4): 855–875. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.03.012
Niang M, Soboyejo W O, 2006. On the use of quasi-crystal and fractal concepts in the design of affordable rural/urban landscapes. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 5(4): 411–421. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/156915006779206060
Onitsuka K, Hoshino S, 2018. Inter-community networks of rural leaders and key people: case study on a rural revitalization program in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Rural Studies, 61: 123–136. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.04.008
Parkinson S, Khan S, 2018. Identifying irregularities in security event logs through an object-based Chi-squared test of independence. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 40: 52–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2018.03.003
Peng J, Yang Y, Liu Y X et al., 2018a. Linking ecosystem services and circuit theory to identify ecological security patterns. Science of the Total Environment, 644: 781–790. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.292
Peng J, Pan Y N, Liu Y X et al., 2018b. Linking ecological degradation risk to identify ecological security patterns in a rapidly urbanizing landscape. Habitat International, 71: 110–124. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.11.010
Porta J, Parapar J, Doallo R, et al., 2013. A population-based iterated greedy algorithm for the delimitation and zoning of rural settlements. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 39: 12–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2013.01.006
Ren Chunying, Zhang Bai, Wang Zongming et al., 2007. A GIS-based Tupu analysis of dynamics of saline-alkali land in Western Jilin Province. Chinese Geographical Science, 17(4): 333–340. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-007-0333-1
Salvati L, Carlucci M, 2014. Zero net land degradation in Italy: the role of socioeconomic and agro-forest factors. Journal of Environmental Management, 145: 299–306. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.006
Setijanti P, Defiana I, Setyawan W et al., 2015. Traditional settlement livability in creating sustainable living. Procedia — Social and Behavioral Sciences, 179: 204–211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2015.02.423
Smith N R, 2014. Beyond top-down/bottom-up: village transformation on China’s urban edge. Cities, 41: 209–220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.01.006
Su Y X, Chen X Z, Liao J S et al., 2016. Modeling the optimal ecological security pattern for guiding the urban constructed land expansions. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 19: 35–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.013
Sun Chuansheng, Zhang Lihui, 2004. Soil and water loss in Jilin black earth area and its preventives. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 11(3): 160–162. (in Chinese)
Tang Jie, Lü Chuan, Li Zhaoyang, et al., 2008. Evaluation of eco-environmental quality based on coupling of gray-clustering and 3S method—A case study on Da’an, Jilin Province. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 38(6): 1037–1043. (in Chinese)
Taylor J E, Lopez-feldman A, 2010. Does migration make rural households more productive? Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Development Studies, 46(1): 68–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380903198463
Tian Y S, Kong X S, Liu Y L, 2018. Combining weighted daily life circles and land suitability for rural settlement reconstruction. Habitat International, 76: 1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.05.005
Wang Cheng, Fei Zhihui, Ye Xinli et al., 2014. Rural settlement space reconstruction strategy and implementation based on symbiosis theory on village scale. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 30(3): 205–214. (in Chinese)
Wang S D, Zhang X Y, Wu T X et al., 2019. The evolution of landscape ecological security in Beijing under the influence of different policies in recent decades. Science of the Total Environment, 646: 49–57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.146
Wang W L, Ren Q, Yu J, 2018. Impact of the ecological resettlement program on participating decision and poverty reduction in southern Shaanxi, China. Forest Policy and Economics, 95: 1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.06.007
Wang Y, Pan J H, 2019. Building ecological security patterns based on ecosystem services value reconstruction in an arid inland basin: a case study in Ganzhou District, NW China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 241: 118337. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118337
Wen Bo, Liu Youzhao, Xia Min, 2014. Layout optimization of rural residential land based on theory of landscape security pattern. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 30(8): 181–191. (in Chinese)
Wen Bo, Liu Youzhao, Xia Min et al., 2016. Suitability evaluation of rural residential land from perspective of ecological environment protection—A case study on Yixing City of Jiangsu Province. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 36(4): 280–285. (in Chinese)
Wu Jianguo, 2007. Landscape Ecology: Pattern, Process, Scale and Hierarchy. 2nd ed. Beijing: High Education Press, 102–158. (in Chinese)
Xia J B, Ren J Y, Zhang S Y et al., 2019. Forest and grass composite patterns improve the soil quality in the coastal saline-alkali land of the Yellow River Delta, China. Geoderma, 349: 25–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.04.032
Yang R, Liu Y S, Long H L et al., 2015. Spatio-temporal characteristics of rural settlements and land use in the Bohai Rim of China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 25(5): 559–572. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1187-6
Yang R, Xu Q, Long H L, 2016. Spatial distribution characteristics and optimized reconstruction analysis of China’s rural settlements during the process of rapid urbanization. Journal of Rural Studies, 47: 413–424. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.05.013
Yang X, Zheng X Q, Chen R, 2014. A land use change model: integrating landscape pattern indexes and Markov-CA. Ecological Modelling, 283: 1–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.03.011
Yao G R, Xie H L, 2016. Rural spatial restructuring in ecologically fragile mountainous areas of southern China: a case study of Changgang Town, Jiangxi Province. Journal of Rural Studies, 47: 435–448. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.014
Yin Jingbo, Li Hong, Wang Dongyan et al., 2019. Research on security pattern of biodiversity conservation in ecologically fragile regions—A case study of Da’an City in Jilin Province. Resource Development & Market, 35(1): 38–44. (in Chinese)
Yu Kongjian, Wang Sisi, Li Dihua et al., 2009a. The function of ecological security patterns as an urban growth framework in Beijing. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(3): 1189–1204. (in Chinese)
Yu Kongjian, Li Hailong, Li Dihua et al., 2009b. National scale ecological security pattern. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(10): 5163–5175. (in Chinese)
Yu K J, 1996. Security patterns and surface model in landscape ecological planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 36(1): 1–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(96)00331-3
Zhang L, Ouyang Z Y, 2019. Focusing on rapid urbanization areas can control the rapid loss of migratory water bird habitats in China. Global Ecology and Conservation, 20: e00801. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00801
Zhang Y, Li X B, Song W et al., 2016. Land abandonment under rural restructuring in China explained from a cost-benefit perspective. Journal of Rural Studies, 47: 524–532. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.06.019
Zhou G H, He Y H, Tang C L et al., 2013. Dynamic mechanism and present situation of rural settlement evolution in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 23(3): 513–524. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-013-1025-7
Zhu Liang, Wu Bingfang, Zhang Lei, 2011. Research on the landscape of rural residential areas and human settlement environment suitability evaluation in three gorges typical regions. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 20(3): 325–331. (in Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item
Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41571152, 41771179), the Social Science Foundation of Jilin Province, China (No. 2019B56)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yin, J., Li, H., Wang, D. et al. Optimization of Rural Settlement Distributions Based On the Ecological Security Pattern: A Case Study of Da’an City in Jilin Province of China. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 30, 824–838 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-020-1128-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-020-1128-x