Abstract
In the present study, biocomposite films from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were obtained by the solution casting method. CNCs were isolated from pineapple crown using chemical treatments followed by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and added into poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) matrix. The effect of freeze-dried CNC content (1, 3, and 5 wt%) on the structural, crystallization, thermal degradation lifetime prediction, and thermogravimetric simulation was investigated. An irreversible agglomeration observed after freeze-dried provided changes in the morphology and size of CNCs. Addition up to 3 wt% of CNCs increased the thermal stability, crystallization rate, and crystallinity index of PHBV, as showed by thermal and crystallinity analysis, respectively. The kinetic degradation study by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was done using the F-test method by statistically comparing degradation mechanisms in the solid-state. The most probable degradation mechanism was the autocatalytic reaction model for all samples (represented by Cn and Bna-types) with a suitable adjustment of the simulated curves. Lifetime prediction showed to be successfully applied based on the kinetic analysis, and PHBV reinforced with 3 wt% of CNCs presents the highest results for the isothermal temperature of 180 °C.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ASTM D2307 (2001) Standard test method for thermal endurance of film-insulated round magnet wire 1. Annual B ASTM Stand, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2307-07AR13
ASTM E96/E96M-16 (2016) Standard test methods for water vapor transmission of materials E96/E96M. Annual B ASTM Stand i:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1520/E0096
Balakrishnan P, Sreekala MS, Kunaver M et al (2017) Morphology, transport characteristics and viscoelastic polymer chain confinement in nanocomposites based on thermoplastic potato starch and cellulose nanofibers from pineapple leaf. Carbohydr Polym 169:176–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.017
Barkoula NM, Garkhail SK, Peijs T (2010) Biodegradable composites based on flax/polyhydroxybutyrate and its copolymer with hydroxyvalerate. Ind Crops Prod 31:34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.08.005
Barud HS, Souza JL, Santos DB et al (2011) Bacterial cellulose/poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) composite membranes. Carbohydr Polym 83:1279–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.09.049
Beck S, Bouchard J, Berry R (2012) Dispersibility in water of dried nanocrystalline cellulose. Biomacromolecules 13:1486–1494. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm300191k
Bhagia S, Pu Y, Evans BR et al (2018) Hemicellulose characterization of deuterated switchgrass. Bioresour Technol 269:567–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.034
Bianco A, Calderone M, Cacciotti I (2013) Electrospun PHBV/PEO co-solution blends: microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng C 33:1067–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.11.030
Carli LN, Bianchi O, MacHado G et al (2013) Morphological and structural characterization of PHBV/organoclay nanocomposites by small angle X-ray scattering. Mater Sci Eng C 33:932–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.11.023
Chai H, Chang Y, Zhang Y et al (2019) The fabrication of polylactide/cellulose nanocomposites with enhanced crystallization and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.135
Chen W, Yu H, Liu Y et al (2011) Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydr Polym 83:1804–1811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.040
Cherian BM, Leão AL, de Souza SF et al (2010) Isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibres by steam explosion. Carbohydr Polym 81:720–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.046
Chirayil CJ, Mathew L, Thomas S (2014) Review of recent research in nano cellulose preparation from different lignocellulosic fibers. Rev Adv Mater Sci 37:20–28
da Silva Pinto CE, Arizaga GGC, Wypych F et al (2009) Studies of the effect of molding pressure and incorporation of sugarcane bagasse fibers on the structure and properties of poly (hydroxy butyrate). Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 40:573–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.02.004
Dasan YK, Bhat AH, Ahmad F (2017) Polymer blend of PLA/PHBV based bionanocomposites reinforced with nanocrystalline cellulose for potential application as packaging material. Carbohydr Polym 157:1323–1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.012
de Carvalho Benini KCC, Ornaghi HL, Pereira PHF et al (2020) Survey on chemical, physical, and thermal prediction behaviors for sequential chemical treatments used to obtain cellulose from Imperata Brasiliensis. J Therm Anal Calorim. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-09221-5
Del Gaudio C, Ercolani E, Nanni F, Bianco A (2011) Assessment of poly(e{open}-caprolactone)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) blends processed by solvent casting and electrospinning. Mater Sci Eng A 528:1764–1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.11.012
Dufresne A (2017) Cellulose nanomaterial reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 29:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2017.01.004
Eichhorn SJ, Dufresne A, Aranguren M et al (2010) Review: current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites
Erbas E, Kiziltas A, Bollin SC, Gardner DJ (2015) Preparation and characterization of transparent PMMA—cellulose-based nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 127:381–389
Erceg M, Krešić I, Vrandečić NS, Jakić M (2018) Different approaches to the kinetic analysis of thermal degradation of poly(ethylene oxide). J Therm Anal Calorim 131:325–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6349-6
Flauzino Neto WP, Mariano M, da Silva ISV et al (2016) Mechanical properties of natural rubber nanocomposites reinforced with high aspect ratio cellulose nanocrystals isolated from soy hulls. Carbohydr Polym 153:143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.073
Fortunati E, Yang W, Luzi F et al (2016) Lignocellulosic nanostructures as reinforcement in extruded and solvent casted polymeric nanocomposites: an overview. Eur Polym J 80:295–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.04.013
French AD (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21:885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4
French AD (2020) Increment in evolution of cellulose crystallinity analysis. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03172-z
Galwey AK, Brown ME (1997) Arrhenius parameters and compensation behaviour in solid-state decompositions. Thermochim Acta 300:107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(96)03120-6
George J, Ramana KV, Bawa AS, Siddaramaiah R (2011) Bacterial cellulose nanocrystals exhibiting high thermal stability and their polymer nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 10:10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.09.013
Hassan EA, Hassan ML, Abou-zeid RE, El-Wakil NA (2016) Novel nanofibrillated cellulose/chitosan nanoparticles nanocomposites films and their use for paper coating. Ind Crops Prod 93:219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.006
Jasmani L, Adnan S (2017) Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from Acacia mangium and its reinforcement potential. Carbohydr Polym 161:166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.061
Jiang L, Huang ÆJ, Qian ÆJ et al (2008) Study of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/bamboo pulp fiber composites: effects of nucleation agent and compatibilizer. J Polym Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-008-0086-7
Jonoobi M, Harun J, Shakeri A et al (2009) Chemical composition, crystallinity, and thermal degradation of bleached and unbleached kenaf bast (Hibiscus cannabinus) pulp and nanofibers. Bioresources 4:626–639. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.2.626-639
Jun D, Guomin Z, Mingzhu P et al (2017) Crystallization and mechanical properties of reinforced PHBV composites using melt compounding: effect of CNCs and CNFs. Carbohydr Polym 168:255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.076
Kargarzadeh H, Ahmad I, Abdullah I et al (2012) Effects of hydrolysis conditions on the morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from kenaf bast fibers. Cellulose 19:855–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9684-6
Kaushik A, Singh M, Verma G (2010) Green nanocomposites based on thermoplastic starch and steam exploded cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw. Carbohydr Polym 82:337–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.063
Khawam A, Flanagan DR (2006) Solid-state kinetic models: basics and mathematical fundamentals. J Phys Chem B 110:17315–17328. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp062746a
Khoo RZ, Ismail H, Chow WS (2016) Thermal and morphological properties of poly (lactic acid)/nanocellulose nanocomposites. Procedia Chem 19:788–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.086
Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S et al (2011) Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:5438–5466. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001273
Loria H, Pereira-Almao P, Scott CE (2011) Determination of agglomeration kinetics in nanoparticle dispersions. Ind Eng Chem Res 50:8529–8535. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie200135r
Mariano M (2013) Obtenção, caracterização e aplicação de nanocristais de celulose obtidos a aprtir do sisal. Dissertation, Federal University of Santa Catarina
Martelli-Tosi M, Masson MM, Silva NC et al (2018) Soybean straw nanocellulose produced by enzymatic or acid treatment as a reinforcing filler in soy protein isolate films. Carbohydr Polym 198:61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.053
Martı M, Villano M, Oliveira C et al (2013) Characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesized from microbial mixed cultures and of their nanobiocomposites with bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers. N Biotechnol 31:1–13
Miller J (2015) Nanocellulose—state of the industry. TAPPI 10
Moon RJ, Martini A, Nairn J et al (2011) Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites
Motta R, Luiz HO Jr et al (2020) The in fluence of silane surface modi fi cation on microcrystalline cellulose characteristics. Carbohydr Polym 230:115595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115595
Mukherjee T, Tobin MJ, Puskar L et al (2017) Chemically imaging the interaction of acetylated nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) with a polylactic acid (PLA) polymer matrix. Cellulose 24:1717–1729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1217-x
Ng HM, Sin LT, Tee TT et al (2015) Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from plant sources for application as reinforcing agent in polymers. Compos B Eng 75:176–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.01.008
Oksman K, Mathew AP, Bondeson D, Kvien I (2006) Manufacturing process of cellulose whiskers/polylactic acid nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 66:2776–2784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.03.002
Ornaghi Júnior HL, Zattera AJ, Amico SC (2013) Thermal behavior and the compensation effect of vegetal fibers. Cellulose 21:189–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0126-x
Ornaghi FG, Ornaghi HL Jr, Jacobi MAM, Alegre P (2019) Fluoroelastomers reinforced with carbon nano fibers: a survey on rheological, swelling, mechanical, morphological, and prediction of the thermal degradation kinetic behavior. Polym Eng Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25105
Peng Y, Gardner DJ, Han Y (2012) Drying cellulose nanofibrils: in search of a suitable method. Cellulose 19:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9630-z
Pereda M, Dufresne A, Aranguren MI, Marcovich NE (2014) Polyelectrolyte films based on chitosan / olive oil and reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 101:1018–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.046
Pereira ALS, Do Nascimento DM, Souza Filho MDSM et al (2014) Improvement of polyvinyl alcohol properties by adding nanocrystalline cellulose isolated from banana pseudostems. Carbohydr Polym 112:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.090
Pereira PHF, Waldron KW, Wilson DR et al (2017) Wheat straw hemicelluloses added with cellulose nanocrystals and citric acid. Effect on film physical properties. Carbohydr Polym 164:317–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.019
Pereira PHF, Júnior HLO, Coutinho LV et al (2020) Obtaining cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple crown fibers by free-chlorite hydrolysis with sulfuric acid: physical, chemical and structural characterization. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03179-6
Petersson L, Kvien I, Oksman K (2007) Structure and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/cellulose whiskers nanocomposite materials. Compos Sci Technol 67:2535–2544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.12.012
Pickering KL, Efendy MGA, Le TM (2016) A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 83:98–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.038
Poletto M, Ornaghi HL, Zattera AJ (2015) Thermal decomposition of natural fibers: kinetics and degradation mechanisms
Prado KS, Spinacé MAS (2019) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple crown waste and their potential uses. Int J Biol Macromol 122:410–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.187
Rafieian F, Shahedi M, Keramat J, Simonsen J (2014) Mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of nano-biocomposite based on gluten and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals. Ind Crops Prod 53:282–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.016
Rämänen P, Penttilä PA, Svedström K et al (2012) The effect of drying method on the properties and nanoscale structure of cellulose whiskers. Cellulose 19:901–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9695-3
Rosa MF, Medeiros ES, Malmonge JA et al (2010) Cellulose nanowhiskers from coconut husk fibers: effect of preparation conditions on their thermal and morphological behavior. Carbohydr Polym 81:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.059
Rusmirović JD, Ivanović JZ, Pavlović VB et al (2017) Novel modified nanocellulose applicable as reinforcement in high-performance nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 164:64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.086
Sánchez-Jiménez PE, Pérez-Maqueda LA, Perejón A et al (2011) An improved model for the kinetic description of the thermal degradation of cellulose. Cellulose 18:1487–1498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9602-3
Segal L, Creely JJ, Martin AE, Conrad CM (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 29:786–794
Sjöström E (1993) Wood polysaccharides. In: Wood chemistry—fundamentals and applications, pp 51–70
Ten E, Turtle J, Bahr D et al (2010) Thermal and mechanical properties of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/ cellulose nanowhiskers composites. Polymer (Guildf) 51:2652–2660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.04.007
Ten E, Jiang L, Wolcott MP (2012) Crystallization kinetics of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate- co -3-hydroxyvalerate)/ cellulose nanowhiskers composites. Carbohydr Polym 90:541–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.076
Viet D, Beck-Candanedo S, Gray DG (2007) Dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals in polar organic solvents. Cellulose 14:109–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-006-9093-9
Vyazovkin S, Burnham AK, Criado JM et al (2011) ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for performing kinetic computations on thermal analysis data. Thermochim Acta 520:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.03.034
Vyazovkin S, Burnham AK, Favergeon L et al (2020) ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for analysis of multi-step kinetics. Thermochim Acta 689:178597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2020.178597
Wijeratnam SW (2015) Pineapple. Encycl Food Heal. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00547-X
Yu H, Qin Z (2014) Surface grafting of cellulose nanocrystals with natural antimicrobial rosin mixture using a green process. Carbohydr Polym 101:471–478
Yu W, Lan C-H, Wang S-J et al (2010) Influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the crystallization behavior of electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanofibers. Polymer (Guildf) 51:2403–2409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.03.024
Yu H, Qin Z, Liu Y et al (2012) Simultaneous improvement of mechanical properties and thermal stability of bacterial polyester by cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 89:971–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.053
Zanchet A, Demori R, De Sousa FDB et al (2019) Sugar cane as an alternative green activator to conventional vulcanization additives in natural rubber compounds: thermal degradation study. J Clean Prod 207:248–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.203
Zhijiang C, Guang Y (2011) Optical nanocomposites prepared by incorporating bacterial cellulose nano fibrils into poly (3-hydroxybutyrate). Mater Lett 65:182–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.09.055
Zhijiang C, Guang Y, Kim J (2011) Biocompatible nanocomposites prepared by impregnating bacterial cellulose nano fi brils into poly (3-hydroxybutyrate). Curr Appl Phys 11:247–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2010.07.016
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo—FAPESP (2011/14153-8 and 2015/10386-9), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (153335/2018-1) for fellowships and financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carvalho Benini, K.C.C., Ornaghi, H.L., de Medeiros, N.M. et al. Thermal characterization and lifetime prediction of the PHBV/nanocellulose biocomposites using different kinetic approaches. Cellulose 27, 7503–7522 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03318-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03318-z