Abstract
This paper presents a detailed assessment on the yield and quality of bio-oil produced from the fast pyrolysis process of date seeds and date syrup industrial waste. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted at a temperature of 500 °C for 30 min using a laboratory-scale semi-batch reactor equipped with an inline condensing system to separate the oil fraction from the non-condensable pyrolysis gases. The physical and chemical properties of the condensed bio-oil from date seeds and syrup waste feedstocks are analyzed and compared. Results showed that the pyrolytic oil obtained from date seeds possessed relatively higher kinematic viscosity (1.42 × 10−3 kg/m s) and high heating value (29.06 × 106 J/kg) than syrup waste bio-oil (1.31 × 10−3 kg/m s and 19.29 × 106 J/kg). Gas chromatography mass–spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis of bio-oil obtained from date seeds and syrup waste primarily contained 2-furanmethanol (21.03%) and 2-fluoroformyl-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2-oxazetidine (31.04%) with other valuable components, respectively. The pyrolytic oil of date seeds and syrup waste could be further refined and employed as building blocks for several value-added products in biofuel production and pharmaceutical/flavoring agents. Thus, the present study provides new functionality for the date palm industry to convert the waste products into valuable commodities.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Alawi R, Al-Mashiqri JH, Al-Nadabi JSM, et al (2017) Date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Natural products and therapeutic options. Front. Plant Sci. 8:845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00845
Alsbou E, Helleur B (2014) Accelerated aging of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of hardwood. Energy Fuels. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef500399n
Al-Shahib W, Marshall RJ (2003) The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future? Int J Food Sci Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480120091982
Babula P, Adam V, Havel L, Kizek R (2007) Naphthoquinones and their pharmacological properties. Ceska Slov Farm 56(3):114–120
Bharath G, Hai A, Rambabu K et al (2020) Systematic production and characterization of pyrolysis oil from date tree wastes for bio-fuel applications. Biomass Bioenerg 135:105523
Bridgwater AV (2012) Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass Bioenerg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.048
Brown RC (ed) (2011) Thermochemical processing of biomass. Wiley, Chichester
Canadian Institutes of Health Research CF for I The Metabolomics Innovation Centre (TMIC)
Chan YH, Tan RR, Yusup S et al (2016) Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB). Clean Technol Environ Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1172-5
Chandrasekaran M, Bahkali AH (2013) Valorization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit processing by-products and wastes using bioprocess technology—review. Saudi J Biol, Sci
Chen Z, Chen J, Zhang W et al (2018) Recent research on the physiological functions, applications, and biotechnological production of d-allose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102(10):4269–4278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8916-6
Fiege H, Voges H-W, Hamamoto T et al (2000) Phenol derivatives. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a19_313
Hai A, Bharath G, Babu KR et al (2019) Date seeds biomass-derived activated carbon for efficient removal of NaCl from saline solution. Process Saf Environ Prot. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.06.024
Hoydonckx HE, Van Rhijn WM, Van Rhijn W et al (2007) Furfural and derivatives. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a12_119.pub2
Kannan P, Al Shoaibi A, Srinivasakannan C (2014) Temperature effects on the yield of gaseous olefins from waste polyethylene via flash pyrolysis. Energy Fuels. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef500516n
Kim P, Johnson A, Edmunds CW et al (2011) Surface functionality and carbon structures in lignocellulosic-derived biochars produced by fast pyrolysis. Energy Fuels. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef200915s
Lee SY, Sankaran R, Chew KW et al (2019) Waste to bioenergy: a review on the recent conversion technologies. BMC Energy. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42500-019-0004-7
Madsen P, Revision CS (2012) Experimental evaluation of a Liquid storable propellant. Spectra project report. Revision 1.0, Copenhagen Suborbitals, pp 1–27
Makkawi Y, El Sayed Y, Salih M et al (2019) Fast pyrolysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) waste in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Renew Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.028
Miandad R, Barakat MA, Aburiazaiza AS et al (2017) Effect of plastic waste types on pyrolysis liquid oil. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.09.017
Nanda S, Mohanty P, Pant KK et al (2013) Characterization of North American lignocellulosic biomass and biochars in terms of their candidacy for alternate renewable fuels. Bioenergy Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9281-4
Oladipupo Kareem M, Edathil AA, Rambabu K et al (2019) Extraction, characterization and optimization of high quality bio-oil derived from waste date seeds. Chem Eng Commun. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2019.1650034
Qadir A, Singh SP, Akhtar J et al (2018) Chemical composition of Saudi Arabian Sukkari variety of date seed oil and extracts obtained by slow pyrolysis. Indian J Pharm Sci. https://doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000441
Rambabu K, Bharath G, Hai A et al (2020a) Nutritional quality and physico-chemical characteristics of selected date fruit varieties of the United Arab Emirates. Processes 8:256
Rambabu K, Bharath G, Banat F, Show PL (2020b) Biosorption performance of date palm empty fruit bunch wastes for toxic hexavalent chromium removal. Environ Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109694
Reddy KR, Lubian E, Pavan MP et al (2013) Synthetic bacteriochlorins with integral spiro-piperidine motifs. New J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nj41161c
Sukiran MA, Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA, et al (2017) A review of torrefaction of oil palm solid wastes for biofuel production. Energy Convers Manag 149:101–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.07.011
Suresh Kumar Reddy K, Al Shoaibi A, Srinivasakannan C (2015) Impact of process conditions on preparation of porous carbon from date palm seeds by KOH activation. Clean Technol Environ Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0875-8
Tekin K, Akalin MK, Karagöz S (2016) Experimental design for extraction of bio-oils from flax seeds under supercritical ethanol conditions. Clean Technol Environ Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-1021-y
Tekin K, Ucar S, Karagöz S (2019) Influence of co-pyrolysis of waste Tetra Pak with waste motor oil on product distribution and properties for fuel application. Energy Fuels. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02634
Vass M, Hruska K, Franek M (2008) Nitrofuran antibiotics: a review on the application, prohibition and residual analysis. Vet Med (Praha) 53(9):469–500
Wang S, Yuan C, Esakkimuthu S et al (2019) Catalytic pyrolysis of waste clay oil to produce high quality biofuel. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2019.104633
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST) and the internal funding of CIRA, Project Numbers: CIRA-027-2018 and CIRA-028-2019.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
K Rambabu and Fawzi Banat contributed to conceptualization; Abdul Hai, G Bharath and Pravin Kannan contributed to methodology; Abdul Hai, G. Bharath, K. Rambabu and Pravin Kannan contributed to data curation; Hanifa Taher, Raja Jayaraman, Pau Loke Show and Fawzi Banat contributed to data validation; Abdul Hai, G. Bharath, K. Rambabu and Raja Jayaraman contributed to manuscript writing; Hanifa Taher, Pau Loke Show, Raja Jayaraman and Fawzi Banat contributed to review and editing; G. Bharath, K Rambabu and Fawzi Banat contributed to project administration; Fawzi Banat and Hanifa Taher contributed to funding acquisition; all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests for the submission and publication of this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hai, A., Bharath, G., Rambabu, K. et al. Pyrolysis of different date palm industrial wastes into high-quality bio-oils: A comparative study. Clean Techn Environ Policy 23, 55–64 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01888-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01888-x