Review ArticleImpacts of renewable energy atlas: Reaping the benefits of renewables and biodiversity threats
Introduction
Renewable energy is not only providing a clean and green source of energy, but it also depletes the massive use of fossil-fuel based energies [1]. The non-renewable based energy resources are necessary to utilize the gigantic sum of precious water for cooling purposes, i.e., thermal/steam power plants. Renewable energy, such as wind-based energy, is a fast-growing source of energy [2]. The massive utilization of fossil-fuels has caused difficulties for the globe and has led to an adverse impact on ecosystems and chaos [[3], [4], [5]]. Climate alteration is an additional difficulty that has an undesirable impact on human's life including the environment [2,6]. The demand for energy continues to grow, and apprehensions about the availability of petrochemicals (fossil-fuel) [6], the significant contribution of renewable-based energy in sustainable development and its impact on the environment, globally, regionally and renewable energy is required at all levels [7]. Renewable based energy resources i.e., wind, solar, and geothermal energies are playing a significant role to cope with the progress of energy needs of developed countries [8,9]. Renewables based energy also own great potential to form stability and is an idyllic business prime for developing countries [10]. Renewables based energy is generating a balance between environmental, economic, and cutting-edge technologies [11,12]. The graphical view of notable potential impacts of emerging renewable technology is shown in Fig. 1 [13]. The benefits of renewables-based energy include reduced dependence on petrochemicals-based fuels and pollution, safety, high quality, protection of natural resources, energy, and disclose the sources of new job establishment [12,14].
The market share of these renewable-based energy sources is progressively increasing, The public acceptance and adoption is essential for the development and installation of renewable energy technologies [15,16]. Currently, it has been observed a speeded pace of wind-based energy projection and its usage worldwide as depicted in Fig. 2 [13,17,18], so, to keep an eye on its adverse impacts on the environment has also become an important task [19]. It has been observed that major factors that affect renewable energy are the main lack of understanding of new technologies, mistrust, and a lack of impartiality and skepticism of investors [14]. When the public realizes its benefits, the implementation and adoption of renewable energy technologies (RET) will be more useful. To this end, manufacturers are doing their best to improve the knowledge of customers/investors on energy technologies based on renewable energy [20]. It is claimed that marketing plays a significant role in understanding customer stimuli and influence factors that affect clean energy usage, i.e., biofuels [[21], [22], [23]]. According to Ref. [24,25], numerous companies employed financial incentives and discounts to cheer customers and raise prices to penalize them in an attempt to diverse consumer preference. Which, attractive information with adware will help with renewable energy sources that familiarize customers with functional benefits [5,26].
The success of companies operating in the renewable energy market depends on the public understanding of renewable energy and associate technologies. Developing countries of the world are facing enormous problems and Pakistan is no exception. Pakistan is a developing country in South Asia which is the fourth largest populated country in the region and the sixth-largest country in the world [27]. Pakistan is facing energy crises in the shae of supply/demand gap, interrupted supply, energy losses [28], energy conservation, energy quality resources, quality of energy services [29], inefficient appliances, lack of infrastructure, deforestation, environmental issues, health issues, low BTU value, opportunity cost, fertilizer issues, renewable and nuclear energy promotion issues, etc. [13]. Then, the progress of advertising can be evaluated based on the interest and attention of consumers, which are stimulated by advertising work. Energy companies have to use advertising campaigns to communicate with existing and potential customers. This is why they allocate a large part of the resources to promotion. As a result, effective advertising can have an impact on the audience, attracting their attention, and awakening their sensory acceptance [30]. The trend of increasing rotor diameter by the wind turbine is depicting in Fig. 3. To have a positive impact, it is imperative to aware of the harmful effects of wind-based technologies. Before making any decision, the worst-case scenario should be identified and expected. This will help to minimize damage and, the maximum grim adverse impact of wind technology is the effects of flora and fauna, noise, and flicker, which are considered in this review study. Other effects, including damage to the radar or television amplifier and receiver, have generated magnetic forces through wind turbine technology and a greater likelihood of being hit by an invisible or attractive beam.
Section snippets
Socio-economic acceptability
The term “social acceptability” refers to the local acceptance of wind energy projects. This is important because the opinions of residents and campaigners can greatly affect the time required to implement a wind farm project [[31], [32], [33]]. Therefore, it is important to assess public opinion early before assessing the feasibility of the project. As mentioned earlier, these are visual effects and noise, aesthetics, impact on birds and wildlife, adverse land-use changes, landscape effects,
Microclimate impact/Ecological benefits
What benefits does wind energy have for the environment? Environmental impacts for all scenarios are shown in Fig. 5 [43]. First, wind energy does not cause air or water emissions, nor does it generate hazardous material waste [19]. Besides, wind energy does not use natural resources such as oil and natural gas, therefore, it does not cause damage to the environment through transportation and extraction of resources, and does not require the subsequent amount of water during operation [44]. As
Concluding remarks and future guidelines
Widespread deployment of today's clean-energy solution like wind-based energy even has adverse impacts. The positive and negative impacts of wind power installations are not only complex but also vary with season, climate, time scale, locality, kind of ecosystem, and other relevant factors. Noting that, many of these influences are accumulative and their environmental impacts can interact in complex behaviors and places linked to soil destruction in wind power installations, deforestation, and
Acknowledgment
Authors are grateful for their institutes to providing the research data, including literature access and other related resources.
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