Characterization and inhibitory activities on α-amylase and α-glucosidase of the polysaccharide from blue honeysuckle berries
Introduction
Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.), one of the main small berries belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family, is widely cultivated in Russia, Japan, Korea, and Northeast China [1]. Berries of this plant contain numerous beneficial components and are especially rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids [1,2] with antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammation, anti-radiation, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, and hepatoprotective properties [2,3]. Owing to their diverse health benefits, blue honeysuckle berries have been a significant focus of research attention in recent years. However, studies to date have mainly focused on anthocyanin, flavonoid, and phenol components [1,2,4]. Limited information is available on the preparation, structural characterization, and biological activities of polysaccharides from blue honeysuckle berries.
Polysaccharides obtained from natural sources have attracted considerable attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, non-toxicity, and remarkable physiological activities [5]. Natural polysaccharides extracted from small berry plants, such as blackcurrant [6,7], seabuckthorn [8], blueberry [9], raspberry [10], strawberry [11], and mulberry [11,12] possess multiple therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Recently, our group demonstrated hypoglycemic effects of polysaccharides isolated from blackcurrant and raspberry, including non-enzymatic glycation, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro [[13], [14], [15]].
Diabetes has recently emerged as one of the most serious global social problems with a major negative impact on public health and life quality. Inhibition of the digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) involved in carbohydrate hydrolysis, is believed to serve as an effective therapeutic approach for hyperglycemia linked to type 2 diabetes [16]. α-Amylase catalyzes hydrolysis of α-1,4-glucosidic linkages of starch, glycogen, and various maltodextrins to produce oligosaccharides. α-Glucosidase liberates glucose from oligosaccharides, which is later absorbed by the intestine, causing hyperglycemia [17,18]. Inhibitors of these two enzymes that effectively reduce postprandial blood glucose [17] with long-lasting action and low side-effects have therefore become a hotspot of research [16].
In the present study, an acidic heteropolysaccharide HEP-2 was obtained after two-step column purification, and its structure and rheological properties were characterized. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and kinetics of HEP-2 were additionally investigated. Our results provide a theoretical basis for clinical application of the polysaccharides from blue honeysuckle berries and expand the research scope and functional utility of polysaccharides from small berries.
Section snippets
Materials and reagents
Blue honeysuckle berries at the fully mature stage were collected from Mudanjiang (Heilongjiang, China), washed, and sealed storage at −20 °C until use. The moisture content was determined as 86.02 ± 0.86%. D4006 macroporous resin was acquired from Nankai University Chemical Plant (Tianjin, China). Sepharose 6B, Sephadex G-200, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), α-glucosidase (100 U/g), and standard sugars were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Porcine pancreatic α
Purification of polysaccharides
Crude polysaccharide was separated from blue honeysuckle berry homogenate with yield and sugar content of 8.31 ± 0.23% and 43.60 ± 0.83%, respectively. After purification with macroporous resin D4006, polysaccharide HEP with a sugar content of 63.64 ± 1.06% was obtained. The elution profile of the polysaccharide on a Sepharose 6B gel permeation column is presented in Fig. 1A. The peak was narrow and symmetrical. The sugar content of HEP-1 was 77.97 ± 0.95% and recovery yield was 32.00 ± 0.78%.
Conclusions
In this study, an acidic heteropolysaccharide HEP-2 was obtained from honeysuckle berries with a purity of 93.32 ± 0.20% and Mw of 3.01 × 106 Da. Six main sugar residues were identified in HEP-2, specifically, →4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-D-GalAp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-D-Galp(1→, α-L-Araf-(1→, and →4)-β-D-Manp-(1→. HEP-2 showed strong inhibitory activities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 3.05 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, HEP-2 was a competitive
Author statement
We have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work.
We have drafted the work or revised it critically for important intellectual content.
We have approved the final version to be published.
We agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
All persons who have made
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 31600276), Postdoctoral Scientific Research Start-up Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province of China (LBH-Q17030) and Student's Innovation Training Program of Heilongjiang Province of China (NO. 202010224032).
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Contributed equally to this work.