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Analysing Flammability Characteristics of Green Biocomposites: An Overview

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Abstract

Stringent fire safety regulations have limited the use of green biocomposites in practical applications due to vulnerability of their constituents to heat and fire. To counter this weakness, several flame-retardant treatments and techniques have been introduced, such as halogenated and non-halogenated flame-retardants, nano fillers, layered silicates, copolymerization, grafting, and synergistic use of natural fibre and fire retardant. While the physical and chemical treatment of green biocomposites has improved their heat resistance to some extent, these materials still fail to comply with strict fire safety regulations such as the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 302 (FMVSS 302) and the code of Federal Aviation Regulation 25.853 applicable in the automotive and aerospace industry, respectively. Therefore, an in-depth study of thermal decomposition and fire behaviour of green biocomposites is inevitable to improve flame retardancy techniques, to discover flame-retardants that are more suitable and environment friendly, and to select appropriate natural fibres and biopolymers to develop fire safe biocomposite products. This article analyses the research done in the last decades for improving the thermal behaviour and fire resistance of green materials as well as the efficient synergistic techniques and fire retardant treatments to counter this vulnerability.

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Abbreviations

APP:

Ammonium polyphosphate

ATH:

Aluminium trihydrate

AlHP:

Aluminium hypophosphite

BS:

Barely straw

BnF:

Banana fibre

BF:

Bamboo fibre

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

CF:

Coconut fibre

CS:

Chitosan

C30B:

Closite 30B

CaHP:

Calcium hypophosphite

CopoP:

Copolymer of methyl phosphonic acid and methacrylate

DMRP:

Double layered microencapsulated red phosphorous

DAP:

Di-ammonium phosphate

DOPO:

9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphanthrene-10-oxide

DDGS:

Distiller’s dried grain solubles

DHAP:

Dihydrogen ammonium phosphate

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

EG:

Expandable graphite

FR:

Flame retardant

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

FAR:

Federal Aviation Regulation

FMVSS:

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard

FF:

Flax fabric

FRF:

Fire retardant ramie fibre

FPLA:

Fire-retardant polylactic acid

GBC:

Green biocomposite

GMA:

Glycidyl methacrylate

GP:

Glycerol phosphate

HRR:

Heat release rate

HB:

Horizontal burning

HF:

Hemp fabric

HFS:

Horizontal flame test

H:

Hemp

HDPE:

High-density polyethylene

HomoP:

Homopolymer of methacrylate

HP:

Hypophosphite

HRC:

Heat release capacity

HQDOPO:

10-Hydro-9-oxa-10-phosphahenanthrene10-oxide

IFR:

Intumescent flame-retardants

ICN:

Iso-cyanate

JF:

Jute fibre

JFb:

Jute fabric

KF:

Keratin fibre

KF:

Kenaf fibre

LOI:

Limiting oxygen index

LDPE:

Low density polyethylene

LS:

Layered silicates

Mw :

Molecular mass

MA:

Maleic acid

MAPP:

Micro ammonium polyphosphate

MCC:

Microscale combustion calorimetry

MH:

Magnesium hydroxide

MDH:

Magnesium dihydroxide

MA-g-PP:

Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene

MMP:

Melamine phosphate

MMB:

Melamine borate

MMT:

Montmorillonite

MLR:

Mass loss rate

MWCNTs:

Multi walled carbon nanotubes O-MMT organic montmorillonite

OWF:

Oxidised wood flour PFR phosphorous flame retardant

PHR:

Parts per hundred rubbers

PHRR:

Peak heat release rate

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PMMA:

Polymethylmethacrylate

PP:

Polypropylene

POSS:

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes

PLA:

Polylactic acid

PHA:

Polyhydroxyalkanoates

PBS:

Polybutylene succinate

PE:

Polyethylene

PP:

Polypropylene

PS:

Poly styrene

PNFC:

POSS-modified cellulose

PSi:

Phosphorous treated silane

REACH:

Registration, evaluation, authorisation, restriction of chemical substance

RP:

Red phosphorous

RDP:

Resorcinol diphenyl phosphate

SPR:

Smoke production rate

SEP:

Sepiolite

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

Si:

Silicon

SiBnF:

Silicon treated banana fibre

SFb:

Sisal fabric

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

TTI:

Time to ignition

THR:

Total heat release

TPS:

Thermoplastic starch

TPS-G:

Thermoplastic starch-glycerol

Tg :

Glass transition temperature

Tm :

Melt temperature

Tcc :

Crystallisation temperature

Tc :

Post crystallisation temperature

UL-94:

Underwriter Laboratories

WPC:

Wood plastic composite

WF:

Wood flour

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

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  1. INSA Centre Val de Loire, Univ. Orléans, PRISME EA 4229, 18022, Bourges, France

    M. Rashid, K. Chetehouna & N. Gascoin

  2. IBS-Conseil, 07410, St-Victor, France

    A. Cablé

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Rashid, M., Chetehouna, K., Cablé, A. et al. Analysing Flammability Characteristics of Green Biocomposites: An Overview. Fire Technol 57, 31–67 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-01001-0

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