Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Realization of prototype hardware model with a novel control technique used in electric vehicle application

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Electrical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Battery and ultra-capacitor (UCp) combination forms the multiple energy storage model (MESM), which provides the optimum benefit to hybrid electric vehicles/electric vehicles (EVs) for its successful operation. The inherent high power density characteristic of UCp is used during starting and momentary periods of EV. On the other hand, the battery provides the average power to the EV, during the steady-state periods. The development of the supervisory energy management strategy, corresponding to the EV dynamics is one of the key issues. In this paper, a new control technique is proposed to attain a smooth and automatic transition between energy sources in MESM according to the EV requirement. A speed condition-based (SCB) controller is designed with four individual math functions, corresponding to the speed of the electric motor (EM). A combination of the SCB controller and the artificial neural network (ANN) formed a SCBANN hybrid controller (SCBANNHC). To identify the proper power split between energy sources, the proposed SCBANNHC is applied to the main circuit in four different case studies corresponding to the load on the EM. Four different case study circuit models are realized in the MATLAB/Simulink environment along with a prototype hardware model for validation of the proposed control technique.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

\(S_{1} ,S_{2} ,S_{3}\) :

Switches of DC–DC converters

\(U_{1} ,U_{2} ,U_{3} ,U_{4}\) :

SCB controller outputs

\(i^{ * }\) :

Low-frequency current dynamics

\(E_{0}\) :

Constant voltage

\(i_{t}\) :

Extracted capacity

\(i_{f}\) :

Leakage current

\(i_{0}\) :

Exchange current density

\(X_{2}\) :

Helmholtz layer length

\(\alpha\) :

Charge transfer coefficient

\(T_{{{\text{ref}}}}\) :

Nominal Ambient temperature

\(T\) :

Internal temperature

\(T_{{\text{a}}}\) :

Ambient temperature

\(\beta\) :

Arrhenius rate constant

\(R_{{{\text{th}}}}\) :

Thermal resistance

\(t_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Thermal time constant

\(i\) :

Current density

\(Q\) :

Electric charge

\(N_{{\text{p}}}\) :

Number of parallel UCp’s

\(N_{{\text{s}}}\) :

Number of series UCp’s

SCBANNHC:

Speed condition-based artificial neural network

UCp:

Ultra-capacitor

EM:

Electric motor

MESM:

Multiple energy storage model

HEVs:

Hybrid electric vehicles

SCAP:

Supercapacitor

ICE:

Internal compunction engine

EMS:

Energy management strategy

SOC:

State of charge

HPS:

Hybrid power source

UDC:

Unidirectional converter

BDC:

Bidirectional converter

ZVT:

Zero voltage transition

SRM:

Switched reluctance motor

MCC-LSSVR:

Maximum-correntropy-criterion-based least squares support vector regression

PMSM:

Permanent-magnet synchronous motor

SSRM:

Segmented-rotor switched reluctance motor

SBBBC:

Switching bi-directional buck-boost converter

V2G:

Vehicles- to-grid

ESS:

Energy storage system

References

  1. Camara MB, Gualous H, Gustin F, Berthon A (2008) Design and new control of DC/DC converters to share energy between supercapacitors and batteries in hybrid vehicles. IEEE Trans Vehicul Technol 57(5):2721–2735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Shen J, Khaligh A (2016) Design and real-time controller implementation for a battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 12(5):1910–1918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kuperman A, Aharon I (2011) Battery–ultracapacitor hybrids for pulsed current loads: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(2):981–992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ren G, Ma G, Cong N (2015) Review of electrical energy storage system for vehicular applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 41:225–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Song Z, Li J, Han X, Xu L, Lu L, Ouyang M, Hofmann H (2014) Multi-objective optimization of a semi-active battery/supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles. Appl Energy 135:212–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Moreno J, Ortúzar ME, Dixon JW (2006) Energy-management system for a hybrid electric vehicle, using ultracapacitors and neural networks. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 53(2):614–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Camara MB, Gualous H, Gustin F, Berthon A, Dakyo B (2010) DC/DC converter design for supercapacitor and battery power management in hybrid vehicle applications—polynomial control strategy. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57(2):587–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Mirzaei A, Jusoh A, Salam Z, Adib E, Farzanehfard H (2011) A novel soft-switching bidirectional coupled inductor buck-boost converter for battery discharging-charging. In: Applied power electronics colloquium (IAPEC), 2011 IEEE, pp 195–199. IEEE

  9. Trovao JPF, Santos VD, Antunes CH, Pereirinha PG, Jorge HM (2015) A real-time energy management architecture for multisource electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 62(5):3223–3233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Dusmez S, Khaligh A (2014) A supervisory power-splitting approach for a new ultracapacitor-battery vehicle deploying two propulsion machines. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 10(3):1960–1971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sun X, Wu J, Lei G, Cai Y, Chen X, Guo Y (2020) Torque modeling of a segmented-rotor SRM using maximum-correntropy-criterion-based LSSVR for torque calculation of EVs. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2020.2977957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang Q, Li G (2019) A predictive energy management system for hybrid energy storage systems in electric vehicles. Electr Eng 101(3):759–770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Nemeș RO, Ciornei SM, Ruba M, Marțis C (2019) Real-time simulation of scaled propulsion unit for light electric vehicles. Electr Eng 103:43–52

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cortés A, Martínez S (2016) A hierarchical algorithm for optimal plug-in electric vehicle charging with usage constraints. Automatica 68:119–131

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhang Q, Li G (2019) Experimental study on a semi-active battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicle application. IEEE Trans Power Electron 35(1):1014–1021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sun X, Diao K, Yang Z, Lei G, Guo Y, Zhu J (2019) Direct torque control based on a fast modeling method for a segmented-rotor switched reluctance motor in HEV application. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2950085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu S, Xie X, Yang L (2020) Analysis, modeling and implementation of a switching bi-directional buck-boost converter based on electric vehicle hybrid energy storage for V2G system. IEEE Access 8:65868–65879

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Saw LH, Somasundaram K, Ye Y, Tay AAO (2014) Electro-thermal analysis of lithium iron phosphate battery for electric vehicles. J Power Sources 249:231–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rajani SV, Pandya VJ (2016) Ultracapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage for pulsed, cyclic and intermittent loads. In: 2016 IEEE 6th international conference on power systems (ICPS), pp 1–6. IEEE

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raghavaiah Katuri.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Katuri, R., Gorantla, S. Realization of prototype hardware model with a novel control technique used in electric vehicle application. Electr Eng 102, 2539–2551 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-020-01052-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-020-01052-0

Keywords

Navigation