Ore Genesis of the Kuergasheng Pb–Zn Deposit, Xinjiang Province, Northwest China: Constraints from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and H–O–C–S–Pb Isotopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regional and Deposit Geology
3. Mineralization Characteristics
4. Samples and Analytical Methods
4.1. Fluid Inclusions
4.2. H–O–C–S–Pb Isotopes
5. Results
5.1. Fluid Inclusion Petrography
5.2. Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry
5.3. H–O–C–S–Pb Isotopes
6. Discussion
6.1. Fluid Boiling and Pressure Estimates
6.2. Fluid Sources and Evolution
6.3. Sources of Ore Constituents
6.4. Genetic Model of the Kuergasheng Deposit
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Host Mineral | FIA | FI Type | Number | Gas–Liquid Ratio | Tm (ice) (°C) | Tm (NaCl) (°C) | Salinity (NaCl wt %) | Th (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KR–1 | Quartz from pyrite– chalcopyrite– quartz veins (stage 1) | FIA–1 | LV | 8 | 10 | −6.3 to −5.3 | 8.3–9.6 (9.0 ± 0.4) | 221–235 (228 ± 4) | |
FIA–2 | LV | 2 | 15 | −5.5 to −5.1 | 8.0–8.5 (8.3 ± 0.4) | 232–240 (234 ± 5) | |||
KR–2 | FIA–3 | VL | 3 | 80 | −1.5 to −1.0 | 1.7–2.6 (2.2 ± 0.4) | 241–248 (245 ± 3) | ||
FIA–4 | LV | 3 | 30 | −5.0 to −5.7 | 7.9–8.8 (2.5 ± 0.4) | 235–243 (239 ± 3) | |||
KR–5 | FIA–5 | VL | 3 | 85 | −1.8 to −1.2 | 2.1–3.1 (9.0 ± 0.4) | 245–252 (248 ± 3) | ||
S | 2 | 20 | 223–254 | 33.1–34.9 (34.0 ± 0.9) | 242–254 (248 ± 6) | ||||
FIA–6 | LV | 7 | 15 | −4.7 to−3.8 | 6.2–7.4 (6.7 ± 0.4) | 235–246 (239 ± 4) | |||
KR–7 | FIA–7 | VL | 4 | 90 | −1.8 to −1.0 | 1.7–3.1 (2.4 ± 0.5) | 238–249 (243 ± 4) | ||
S | 3 | 15 | 226–249 | 33.3–34.6 (33.9 ± 0.5) | 239–251 (246 ± 5) | ||||
KR–8 | FIA–8 | S | 6 | 20 | 215–238 | 32.7–33.9 (33.3 ± 0.4) | 229–238 (234 ± 3) | ||
FIA–9 | LV | 9 | 15 | −5.0 to −4.2 | 6.7–7.9 (7.4 ± 0.4) | 225–235 (231 ± 3) | |||
KR–9 | FIA–10 | LV | 6 | 10 | −4.9 to −5.3 | 7.7–8.3 (8.1 ± 0.2) | 235–247 (240 ± 4) | ||
FIA–11 | LV | 3 | 15 | −5.8 to −5.5 | 8.5–8.9 (8.1 ± 0.2) | 229–239 (234 ± 4) | |||
KR–12 | Quartz from galena– sphalerite– quartz (stage 2) | FIA–12 | LV | 5 | 10 | −4.8 to −3.9 | 6.3–7.6 (7.0 ± 0.5) | 182–194 (187 ± 4) | |
KR–15 | FIA–13 | LV | 6 | 10 | −5.0 to−4.2 | 6.7–7.9 (7.3 ± 0.4) | 196–207 (203 ± 4) | ||
FIA–14 | S | 3 | 15 | 200–205 | 31.9–32.1 (32.5 ± 0.3) | 209–220 (213 ± 5) | |||
KR–16 | FIA–15 | LV | 6 | 15 | −4.5 to −3.1 | 5.1–7.2 (6.3 ± 0.7) | 183–191 (187 ± 2) | ||
KR–19 | FIA–16 | LV | 8 | 20 | −4.9 to −4.1 | 6.6–7.7 (7.2 ± 0.3) | 182–196 (189 ± 5) | ||
FIA–17 | LV | 4 | 15 | −4.3 to −3.5 | 5.7–6.9 (6.3 ± 0.4) | 179–189 (185 ± 3) | |||
KR–20 | FIA–18 | LV | 5 | 15 | −4.9 to −3.6 | 5.9–7.7 (6.6 ± 0.5) | 194–206 (200 ± 4) | ||
FIA–19 | LV | 4 | 10 | −4.2 to −3.5 | 5.7–6.7 (6.2 ± 0.4) | 189–203 (196 ± 5) | |||
FIA–20 | LV | 2 | 10 | −3.8 to −3.6 | 5.9–6.2 (6.1 ± 0.2) | 185–190 (188 ± 3) | |||
KR–22 | FIA–21 | LV | 8 | 15 | −4.7 to −3.5 | 5.7–7.4 (6.3 ± 0.6) | 183–199 (191 ± 5) | ||
FIA–22 | LV | 9 | 10 | −4.2 to −3.2 | 5.3–6.7 (6.0 ± 0.5) | 173–189 (183 ± 5) | |||
KR–23 | Quartz from sulfide-poor- calcite– quartz veins (stage 3) | FIA–23 | LV | 2 | 15 | −3.3 to −3.0 | 5.3–5.4 (5.4 ± 0.1) | 168–171 (170 ± 5) | |
KR–25 | FIA–24 | LV | 10 | 10 | −3.5 to −2.3 | 3.9–5.7 (4.7 ± 0.6) | 146–158 (150 ± 3) | ||
FIA–25 | L | 6 | |||||||
KR–27 | FIA–26 | LV | 9 | 10 | −3.5 to −2.5 | 4.6–5.7 (4.8 ± 0.5) | 149–160 (155 ± 4) | ||
FIA–27 | L | 8 | |||||||
KR–29 | FIA–28 | LV | 6 | 10 | −3.6 to −2.8 | 4.6–5.9 (5.2 ± 0.6) | 161–172 (168 ± 4) | ||
KR–30 | FIA–29 | LV | 2 | 10 | −3.2 to −2.8 | 4.6–5.3 (5.0 ± 0.4) | 155–160 (158 ± 3) | ||
FIA–30 | LV | 4 | 5 | −3.6 to −2.2 | 3.7–5.9 (4.6 ± 0.8) | 149–162 (154 ± 5) | |||
FIA–31 | LV | 5 | 5 | −3.2 to −2.0 | 3.4–5.3 (4.6 ± 0.7) | 145–157 (150 ± 5) | |||
L | 2 |
Sample | Stage | δ18Oqz (‰) SMOW | δDH2O (‰) SMOW | Th (°C) | δ18OH2O (‰) SMOW | δCH2O (‰) PDB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KR–2 | 1 | 10.1 | −83.1 | 242 ± 4 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | −9.1 |
KR–5 | 1 | 9.5 | −86.9 | 243 ± 6 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | −11.5 |
KR–7 | 1 | 10.9 | −85.6 | 244 ± 5 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | −9.4 |
KR–9 | 1 | 8.5 | −87.4 | 238 ± 5 | −1.0 ± 0.3 | −10.5 |
KR–15 | 2 | 8.3 | −90.3 | 206 ± 7 | −3.0 ± 0.4 | −13.9 |
KR–19 | 2 | 8.1 | −90.1 | 188 ± 5 | −4.4 ± 0.3 | −11.8 |
KR–20 | 2 | 8.5 | −87.6 | 196 ± 6 | −3.5 ± 0.4 | −13.2 |
KR–22 | 2 | 8.6 | −88.5 | 187 ± 7 | −4.0 ± 0.5 | −12.0 |
KR–25 | 3 | 7.9 | −94.7 | 150 ± 3 | −7.6 ± 0.3 | −16.0 |
KR–27 | 3 | 7.8 | −96.5 | 155 ± 4 | −7.3 ± 0.3 | −16.2 |
KR–29 | 3 | 8.1 | −96.2 | 168 ± 4 | −6.1 ± 0.5 | −15.5 |
KR–30 | 3 | 7.6 | −99.2 | 158 ± 3 | −7.7 ± 0.5 | −16.6 |
Sample | Mineral | Stage | δ34SGn (‰) CDT | δ34SH2S (‰) CDT | Th (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KR–12 | Galena | 2 | 5.6 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 187 ± 4 |
KR–16 | Galena | 2 | 6.5 | 8.3 ± 0.1 | 187 ± 2 |
KR–19 | Galena | 2 | 6 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 189 ± 5 |
KR–20 | Galena | 2 | 6.1 | 7.7 ± 0.1 | 200 ± 4 |
KR–25 | Galena | 3 | 6.6 | 9.4 ± 0.1 | 150 ± 3 |
KR–27 | Galena | 3 | 6.9 | 9.5 ± 0.1 | 155 ± 4 |
Sample | Mineral | Stage | 206Pb/204Pb | 207Pb/204Pb | 208Pb/204Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KR–12 | Galena | 2 | 18.253 | 15.632 | 38.097 |
KR–16 | Galena | 2 | 18.002 | 15.598 | 38.115 |
KR–19 | Galena | 2 | 18.246 | 15.602 | 38.149 |
KR–20 | Galena | 2 | 18.221 | 15.618 | 38.171 |
KR–25 | Galena | 3 | 18.265 | 15.628 | 38.199 |
KR–27 | Galena | 3 | 18.273 | 15.643 | 38.209 |
Geological Unit | Lithology | Sample | Cu (ppm) | Pb (ppm) | Zn (ppm) | Cr (ppm) | Ni (ppm) | Co (ppm) | V (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuosikuertawu Formation | Medium –fine grained sandstone | KB–10 | 25.1 | 24.5 | 210.3 | 54.6 | 22.1 | 10.0 | 80.7 |
KB–18 | 26.1 | 32.2 | 687.6 | 49.4 | 23.3 | 11.9 | 64.3 | ||
KB–21 | 41.8 | 61.6 | 529.1 | 63.6 | 29.8 | 13.5 | 85.9 | ||
Average | 31.0 | 39.4 | 475.6 | 55.9 | 25.1 | 11.8 | 77.0 | ||
Siltstone | KB–4 | 25.2 | 20.5 | 90.1 | 49.0 | 25.3 | 10.4 | 66.6 | |
KB–15 | 24.0 | 20.4 | 261.3 | 45.8 | 23.1 | 12.1 | 60.5 | ||
KB–17 | 26.3 | 24.6 | 137.8 | 49.7 | 23.8 | 10.8 | 68.6 | ||
KB–26 | 67.9 | 23.0 | 246.2 | 62.2 | 23.3 | 13.5 | 70.3 | ||
Average | 35.9 | 22.1 | 183.8 | 51.7 | 23.8 | 11.7 | 66.5 | ||
Medium –coarse grained sandstone | KB–2 | 32.7 | 30.7 | 133.2 | 69.8 | 38.9 | 13.4 | 117.7 | |
KB–5 | 24.8 | 22.6 | 84.1 | 57.2 | 33.3 | 14.4 | 88.3 | ||
KB–14 | 25.7 | 33.6 | 474.4 | 46.0 | 20.7 | 10.0 | 62.8 | ||
KB–28 | 80.1 | 21.9 | 899.4 | 51.2 | 22.4 | 11.1 | 58.9 | ||
Average | 40.8 | 27.2 | 397.8 | 56.1 | 28.8 | 12.2 | 81.9 | ||
Beidabate intrusive body | C08–1 | 274.7 | 6.9 | 23.0 | 26.3 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 10.7 | |
B25–1 | 40.3 | 6.2 | 31.0 | 22.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 10.9 | ||
C7–2 | 202.5 | 15.2 | 32.0 | 24.0 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 9.2 | ||
A2 | 371.7 | 7.2 | 28.0 | 34.2 | 4.2 | 2.6 | 16.9 | ||
A12 | 357.9 | 20.7 | 47.0 | 27.4 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 9.2 | ||
Average | 249.4 | 11.2 | 32.2 | 26.8 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 11.4 | ||
Clarke | 30 | 15 | 60 | 70 | 44 | 12 | 95 |
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Li, S.; Chen, C.; Gao, L.; Xia, F.; Zhang, X.; Wang, K.; Arkin, K. Ore Genesis of the Kuergasheng Pb–Zn Deposit, Xinjiang Province, Northwest China: Constraints from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and H–O–C–S–Pb Isotopes. Minerals 2020, 10, 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070592
Li S, Chen C, Gao L, Xia F, Zhang X, Wang K, Arkin K. Ore Genesis of the Kuergasheng Pb–Zn Deposit, Xinjiang Province, Northwest China: Constraints from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and H–O–C–S–Pb Isotopes. Minerals. 2020; 10(7):592. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070592
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Shunda, Chuan Chen, Lingling Gao, Fang Xia, Xuebing Zhang, Keyong Wang, and Kurbanjan Arkin. 2020. "Ore Genesis of the Kuergasheng Pb–Zn Deposit, Xinjiang Province, Northwest China: Constraints from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and H–O–C–S–Pb Isotopes" Minerals 10, no. 7: 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070592