Adsorption of Cu (II)and Co (II) from aqueous solution using lignosulfonate/chitosan adsorbent
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Water is the basic material on which animals and plants depend, and the safety of water quality is related to every living body in the biosphere. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the use of natural resources by humans has become more frequent, and the inappropriate use has brought serious disasters to the environment. Heavy metal ion wastewater (containing chromium, copper, lead, cobalt and other heavy metal ions) generated in industrial production processes such as mining and metallurgy, machinery manufacturing, chemical industry, electronics, and instrumentation has the most serious pollution to water bodies [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. Heavy metal ions are a kind of pollution that cannot be degraded, and will accumulate in the living body, threatening the life safety of higher organisms through the enrichment of the biological chain. Copper ion is a commonly used metal in the electroplating industry, and improper treatment will cause a large amount of copper ion pollution. Human body ingesting copper ion-contaminated food can cause acute copper ion poisoning, which can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. If chronic copper ion poisoning occurs, copper ions will accumulate in the liver, causing liver damage and even partial necrosis [5,6]. Cobalt ions are one of the essential elements of the human body, but too high a concentration of cobalt ions can cause many serious problems in the human body, such as hypotension, paralysis, diarrhea, and bone defects, and even cause gene mutations in active cells. Treatment of the pollution of these heavy metal ions has been a hot topic for many scholars [[7], [8], [9]].
In the past few decades, people have been trying to use various methods to solve the problem of heavy metal ion pollution. These methods include chemical precipitation, redox, electrolysis, adsorption, etc. The chemical precipitation method is the most widely used method for treating heavy metal ions. It is to add chemical reagents to the wastewater and combine with heavy metal ions to form a precipitate, which is removed by filtration. The advantages of mature chemical precipitation technology and low cost are widely used in the treatment of heavy metal ions, but this method needs to add a large amount of chemical reagents, which is prone to produce a large amount of sediment and will cause secondary pollution. Heavy metal ions generally have multiple valence states, and the properties of different valence states are not the same. The redox method is to add a reducing agent or an oxidizing agent to the wastewater to convert the difficult-to-treat valence state into a manageable valence state. This method converts heavy metal ions into another precipitate, and a large amount of waste slag is generated during the treatment process, resulting in a limited treatment range. The electrolysis method is to electrolyze the wastewater solution, and the redox reaction takes place at the cathode and anode to achieve the effect of removing heavy metal ions. This method has high treatment effect, but the cost is high, which will cause secondary pollution and limit its application. Adsorption is considered to be one of the greenest and most effective methods for the treatment of heavy metal ions. It has simple operation, excellent effect, low price and no secondary pollution. Therefore, it is widely used in the treatment of heavy metal ions in wastewater [3,[10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]].
The effect of adsorption depends on the adsorption material. Adsorption materials are divided into inorganic materials, organic materials and composite materials. Inorganic materials include activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, etc. These materials have good adsorption effects and are widely used to adsorb heavy metal ions at low prices. Organic materials include chitosan, cellulose, lignin, etc. These materials have good biocompatibility, excellent adsorption effect, and are widely used in the treatment of heavy metal ions. Both inorganic materials and organic materials have deficiencies. In order to obtain a better quality adsorbent, composite materials with excellent performance are obtained to obtain composite materials [11,[20], [21], [22], [23]].
Chitosan has good biocompatibility, as well as lipid-lowering, bacteriostatic, non-toxic and other functions, which makes chitosan can be used in agriculture, medical equipment, cosmetics, textiles, pharmaceuticals and some chemical industries. Chitosan is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in weak acid. After dissolving, it is gel-like and has strong adsorption capacity. This is attributed to the polar groups such as alcoholic hydroxyl groups and amino groups. Its water absorption performance reaches more than 500%, and can be used as a component of various humectants. The -NH2 ortho position on chitosan is -OH, which can coordinate with divalent heavy metal ions, so it can be modified or loaded on other substances to form a composite material for adsorption of heavy metal ions [[24], [25], [26], [27]].
A large amount of lignin is produced every year in the papermaking process, but lignin is not widely used, resulting in a large amount of lignin waste. Scholars are studying the development of lignin application, using calcium lignosulfonate as a reactive surfactant to improve the contact between reactants; using sodium lignosulfonate as an adsorbent material, amination to remove organic dyes [28]; A deep eutectic solvent for extracting and improving lignin; nano-lignin enhances the mechanical properties during the polymerization process and has a strong ultraviolet absorption capacity in the film. Since lignin sulfonate contains a large number of functional groups, its combination with heavy metal ions can be considered. Jiang et al. [29] found that the sulfur and oxygen on the lignin sulfonate can combine with heavy metal ions such as copper, lead, and cadmium to achieve the purpose of separating heavy metal ions in aqueous solution.
In this experiment, based on polyacrylic acid, sodium lignosulfonate and chitosan were combined to form CSL adsorbent by free radical polymerization. It is a green and environmental protection method to treat copper ion and cobalt ion with new CSL adsorbent.
Section snippets
Materials
Acrylic acid, chitosan (CS), sodium lignosulfonate (SL), acetic acid, N′N-methylenedipropylamide, and ammonium persulfate are all from Shanghai Guoyao Group Reagent Co., Ltd. Sodium hydroxide, anhydrous ethanol, copper chloride and cobalt chloride are all from McLean Reagent Co., Ltd. Deionized water is used for all reactions and adsorption in this paper.
Synthesis the CSL adsorbent
In this experiment, free radical polymerization method is used to synthesize samples: dissolve 0.75 g of sodium lignosulfonate in 30 mL of
Results and discussion
Fig. 2(A–C) is the scanning electron micrograph of CSL adsorbent at different times. It can be seen that the surface of CSL adsorbent is porous structure, and the pore diameter is below 2 μm from Fig. 2(A–C). Meanwhile, there are a lot of folds around these holes. It can be seen that the folds connect the holes together, and the holes and folds are interlaced from Fig. 2(C). The reason for these pores and folds is due to the drying and water loss during the preparation of the adsorbent, and the
Conclusion
In this work, a kind of adsorbent with high and low cost was developed to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater. Lignosulfonate/chitosan adsorbent has porous structure and many folds, which is conducive to the diffusion of metal ions and the exposure of adsorption sites. CSL adsorbent can be effectively adsorbed under neutral conditions. The adsorption kinetics shows that the adsorption rate is very fast. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent is 386 mg g−1 for Co and 283 mg g−1 for
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Province, China (No.2020SF-421); the Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Province, China (No.2020SF-413); The Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Shaanxi Province, China (No. 19JC017).
Author statement
I have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; And I have drafted the work or revised it critically for important intellectual content; And I have approved the final version to be published; And agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Ruihua Mu
References (42)
- et al.
Detection of copper ions in drinking water using the competitive adsorption of proteins
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2014) - et al.
Chemical modification of cellulosic biopolymer and its use in removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater
Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
(2014) - et al.
Effect of ionic strength on the adsorption of copper and chromium ions by vermiculite pure clay mineral
J. Hazard. Mater.
(2009) - et al.
Simultaneous removal of Cd(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions via their complexation with HBANSA based on a combined ultrasound-assisted and cloud point adsorption method using CSG-BiPO4/FePO4 as novel adsorbent: FAAS detection and optimization process
J. Colloid Interf. Sci.
(2017) - et al.
Metal (M=Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+) grafted mesoporous SBA-15: effect of transition metal incorporation and pH conditions on the adsorption of Naproxen from water
Microporous Mesoporous Mater.
(2010) - et al.
Schiff based ligand containing nano-composite adsorbent for optical copper(II) ions removal from aqueous solutions
Chem. Eng. J.
(2015) - et al.
Optimization of an innovative composited material for effective monitoring and removal of cobalt(II) from wastewater
J. Mol. Liq.
(2020) - et al.
Dithiocarbamate-modified starch derivatives with high heavy metal adsorption performance
Carbohyd. Polym.
(2016) - et al.
Polydopamine-mediated surface-functionalization of graphene oxide for heavy metal ions removal
J. Solid State Chem.
(2015) - et al.
Precipitation, adsorption and rhizosphere effect: the mechanisms for phosphate-induced Pb immobilization in soils—a review
J. Hazard. Mater.
(2017)
Calcium ion adsorption with extracellular proteins of thermophilic bacteria isolated from geothermal sites—a feasibility study
Biochem. Eng. J.
Preparation of cellulose derived from corn stalk and its application for cadmium ion adsorption from aqueous solution
Carbohyd. Polym.
Synthesis of magnetically separable porous BN microrods@Fe3O4 nanocomposites for Pb(II) adsorption
Colloids Surface. A
Adsorption of Cd (II), Hg (II) and Zn (II) from aqueous solution using mesoporous activated carbon produced from Bambusa vulgaris striata
Chem. Eng. Res. Des.
Adsorption of Cd (II), Hg (II) and Zn (II) from aqueous solution using mesoporous activated carbon produced from Bambusa vulgaris striata
Chem. Eng. Res. Des.
Adsorption of metals onto graphene oxide: surface complexation modeling and linear free energy relationships
Colloid Surface A
Polydopamine-mediated surface-functionalization of graphene oxide for heavy metal ions removal
J. Solid State Chem.
Application of a new bifunctionalized chitosan derivative with zwitterionic characteristics for the adsorption of Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and oxyanions of Cr6+ from aqueous solutions: kinetic and equilibrium aspects
J. Colloid Interf. Sci.
New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater
Arab. J. Chem.
Treatment of copper(II) containing wastewater by a newly developed ligand based facial conjugate materials
Chem. Eng. J.
Magnetic chitosan/anaerobic granular sludge composite: synthesis, characterization and application in heavy metal ions removal
J. Colloid. Interf. Sci.
Cited by (67)
Significantly enhanced uranium extraction by intelligent light-driven nanorobot catchers with precise controllable moving trajectory
2024, Journal of Hazardous MaterialsCo<sup>2+</sup>-adsorbed chitosan-grafted-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel as peroxymonosulfate activator for effective dye degradation
2024, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesN-cyanoguanidine modified-black peanut shell biochar: fabrication and its sorption for Cu(II) and Co(II) in a single and mixed solutions
2023, Materials Today SustainabilityEfficient adsorption of tetracycline from aqueous solution using copper and zinc oxides modified porous boron nitride adsorbent
2023, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects