An Improved Two-Level Support Structure for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing
Introduction
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a process in which an object is fabricated by joining materials in a layer-by-layer manner. AM technologies have been widely applied in the medical, aerospace, and automotive industries. Among these technologies, Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), fused filament fabrication (FFF) and melt extrusion manufacturing (MEM) are widely exploited by common users due to their low cost [1,2].
During the deposition process, an overhang may collapse if there is no support structure beneath it [3]. Adding support structure for a 3-axis printing system with a unique building direction [4] as well as printing with varied building directions using a multi-axis printing system [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11] are two major approaches for preventing material collapse. Adding support structure is widely used since it requires fewer hardware settings. However, it costs more material. In order to reduce the support materials, several approaches have been proposed, including optimizing build orientation [12], [13], [14], [15], segmenting a model into several support-free sub-parts [16], [17], [18], [19], and optimizing its support structure. In the following, the review work is focused on the literature related to support structure optimization with fixed build direction, which is the concern of our proposed approach in this paper.
Optimizing a support structure refers to the optimization of its topology connection and geometric parameters. In recent years, more ingenious support structures, such as cellular structure, tree-shaped structure, and strut structure, have been exploited in Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing.
In terms of cellular structures, Lu et al. [20] proposed a honeycomb-cell structure (Fig. 1 (a)) based on a Voronoi-diagram algorithm. The structure was further subdivided to maximize the hollowing space while maintaining the structural strength of the model. Lee et al. [21] proposed an inner support-free structure generation algorithm based on a 3D block partitioning method to reduce the manufacturing time and material. Vaidya and Anand [22] discretized the free space of the model into a set of unit cells and employed Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm [23] to generate cellular support structures that can minimize the support volume. Strano et al. [24] proposed a graded cellular support structure where dense cells were placed under the heavy overhangs, and sparse cells were placed under the light overhangs.
In terms of tree structures, Zhang et al. [25] proposed an internal supporting frame based on a medial axis tree. The tree-shaped branches rooted on the medial axis. Dense leaves supported the regions where a large structural strength was required, and coarse leaves supported the other parts of the model. Vanek et al. [26] proposed a greedy algorithm based on the geometric feature to grow the tree-support from top to down. Schmidt et al. [27] proposed a top-down generation of the branching support structure, starting from the support point obtained by using a combination of Watershed and Poisson surface sampling strategies. This technique has been implemented in the free software tool, Autodesk MeshmixerTM. Zhang et al. [28] proposed a local barycenter based tree-support algorithm that has nice property of higher efficiency and less material consumption. We proposed a hybrid of PSO and greedy algorithm to minimize the support volume of the tree-shaped support structures (Fig. 1 (b)) for 3D printed models [29,30].
In terms of strut structures, Wang et al. [31,32] proposed a self-supporting skin-frame structure to reduce the material cost in fabricating a 3D printed model and designed a sparsity optimization framework to ensure the structural strength. Dumas et al. [33] proposed a scaffolding support structure (as shown in Fig. 1(c)) composed of horizontal bridges and vertical pillars. Jiang et al. [34,35] proposed a two-level support structure (Fig. 1(d)) generation strategy that takes into account the influence of the print path on the cost of supporting materials.
In this paper, considering the effect of the print path, we propose an improved algorithm for the two-level support structures of [34,35]. Level 1 support consists of a set of beams beneath the overhanging surface and it is orthogonal to the print direction, and Level 2 support consists of a set of trees for supporting the bottom of Level 1.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the existing two-level support structures and the details of our improved approach. Section 3 presents four comparison experiments to validate our approach. Finally, this paper ends with some conclusions in Section 4.
Section snippets
Two-level Support Structures
To illustrate our improved two-level supports, we shall introduce the concepts of the longest printable bridge length (LPBL), the printable threshold overhang angle (PTOA), and the longest printable length of a bar, and the most recent two-level support structure proposed in [35] in section 2.1. The rest of this section is organized as follows: section 2.2 presents the most recent two-level support structure proposed in [35]; section 2.3 presents our improved two-level support structures.
Comparison Experiments
To validate our proposed approach, we compared the support material reduction of our approach with the most recent result presented in [35]. Note that the 3D printing materials are homogenous, which means that the weight is proportional to the volume. Therefore, we compared the performance based on volume consumption. In addition to fabricating the same set of models (“U”, “O”, and “A”), we further validated our approach by using one more example of “T”. The dimensions of these parts are shown
Conclusion
The support structures play a critical role in a 3D printing task by preventing the overhanging features from collapsing. However, support structures are removed after the 3D printing task and are therefore a major source of material waste. Addressing the problem of saving printing materials, a vast body of literature exists and has been devoted to the problem of lightweight design of support structures. In the recent research [35], considering building direction as a constraint of adding
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51605290) and Shanghai International Science and Technology Cooperation Fund No. 18510745700.
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