Skip to main content
Log in

Quantitative Selection of the Axially Chiral Conformation in a Flexible Dinuclear Gold(I) di(N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complex via Chlorine Oxidative Addition

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Chemical Crystallography Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A novel dinuclear gold(II) complex with two-fold rotational symmetry 2 of general formula [Au2Cl2(diNHC)2](PF6)2 (diNHC=di(N-heterocyclic carbene)) has been obtained in quantitative yield via chlorine (in the form of PhICl2) oxidative addition to the parent gold(I) complex 1 [Au2(diNHC)2](PF6)2. The novel compound has been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and single crystal x-ray structure analysis. The oxidation of the two gold(I) centres to gold(II), with the formation of a covalent bond between them, imposes to the complex an axis of chirality, along the Au–Au bond, leading to a chiral propeller arrangement.

Graphical Abstract

Structural characterization of a novel dinuclear gold(II) complex with di(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands, the formation of the gold(II)-gold(II) bond imposes to the complex coordination chirality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Baron M, Tubaro C, Biffis A et al (2012) Blue-emitting dinuclear N-heterocyclic dicarbene gold(I) complex featuring a nearly unit quantum yield. Inorg Chem 51:1778–1784. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic2020786

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gil-Rubio J, Cámara V, Bautista D, Vicente J (2012) Dinuclear alkynyl gold(I) complexes containing bridging N-heterocyclic dicarbene ligands: new synthetic routes and luminescence. Organometallics 31:5414–5426. https://doi.org/10.1021/om300431r

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Zou T, Lum CT, Lok C-N et al (2014) A binuclear gold(I) complex with mixed bridging diphosphine and Bis(N-Heterocyclic carbene) ligands shows favorable thiol reactivity and inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:5810–5814. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201400142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Barnard PJ, Wedlock LE, Baker MV et al (2006) Luminescence studies of the intracellular distribution of a dinuclear gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complex. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:5966–5970. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200601526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Biffis A, Tubaro C, Baron M (2016) Advances in transition-metal-catalysed alkyne hydroarylations. Chem Rec 16:1742–1760. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201500285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Baron M, Battistel E, Tubaro C et al (2018) Single-step synthesis of dinuclear neutral gold(I) complexes with bridging di(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands and their catalytic performance in cross coupling reactions and alkyne hydroamination. Organometallics 37:4213–4223. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Schmidbaur H, Schier A (2008) A briefing on aurophilicity. Chem Soc Rev 37:1931–1951. https://doi.org/10.1039/B708845K

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pyykkö P (2004) Theoretical chemistry of gold. Angew Chem Int Ed 43:4412–4456. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200300624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Baron M, Tubaro C, Basato M et al (2016) Insights into the halogen oxidative addition reaction to dinuclear gold(I) di(NHC) complexes. Chem Eur J 22:10211–10224. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201600654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jerabek P, von der Esch B, Schmidbaur H, Schwerdtfeger P (2017) Influence of relativistic effects on bonding modes in M(II) dinuclear complexes (M=Au, Ag, and Cu). Inorg Chem 56:14624–14631. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Groom CR, Bruno IJ, Lightfoot MP, Ward SC (2016) The Cambridge Structural Database. Acta Cryst B72:171–179. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520616003954

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Basil JD, Murray HH, Fackler JP et al (1985) Experimental and theoretical studies of dinuclear gold(I) and gold(II) phosphorus ylide complexes. Oxidative addition, halide exchange, and structural properties including the crystal and molecular structures of [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2 and [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2(CH3)Br. J Am Chem Soc 107:6908–6915. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00310a028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Usón R, Laguna A, Laguna M et al (1986) Mono- and bi-nuclear gold(I), gold(II), and gold(III) perhalogenoaryl complexes with the ligand bis(diphenylphosphino)amine. Crystal and molecular structure of µ-[bis(diphenylphosphino)amine]-dichlorobis(pentafluorophenyl)digold(II). J Chem Soc Dalton Trans. https://doi.org/10.1039/DT9860000291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Holz J, Ayerbe García M, Frey W et al (2018) Diastereoselective synthesis, structure and reactivity studies of ferrocenyloxazoline gold(i) and gold(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 47:3880–3905. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8DT00109J

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Khan MNI, Fackler JP, King C et al (1988) Synthesis and characterization of the luminescent dithiolate-bridged dimer [n-Bu4N]2[Au(i-MNT)]2 (i-MNT = S2C2(CN)22-) and its structurally characterized, metal-metal-bonded gold(II) oxidation product [Ph4As]2[Au(i-MNT)Cl]2. Inorg Chem 27:1672–1673. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00283a003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Abdou HE, Mohamed AA, Fackler JP (2005) Synthesis and X-ray structures of dinuclear and trinuclear gold(I) and dinuclear gold(II) amidinate complexes. Inorg Chem 44:166–168. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic048855q

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bennett MA, Bhargava SK, Mirzadeh N et al (2009) Synthesis and interconversions of digold(I), tetragold(I), digold(II), gold(I)–gold(III) and digold(III) complexes of fluorine-substituted aryl carbanions. Dalton Trans. https://doi.org/10.1039/B906769H

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yam VW-W, Li C-K, Chan C-L, Cheung K-K (2001) Synthesis, structural characterization, and photophysics of dinuclear gold(II) complexes [{Au(dppn)Br}2](PF6)2 and [{Au(dppn)I}2](PF6)2 with an unsupported AuII–AuII bond. Inorg Chem 40:7054–7058. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic010744t

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Yam VW-W, Choi SW-K, Cheung K-K (1996) Synthesis, photophysics and thermal redox reactions of a [{Au(dppn)Cl}2]2+ dimer with an unsupported AuII–AuII bond. Chem Commun. https://doi.org/10.1039/CC9960001173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Roşca D-A, Bochmann M (2016) Photochemical disproportionation of an auii pincer complex: synthesis and structure of an AuI4AuIII4 macrocycle. Organometallics 35:27–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00846

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Preiß S, Förster C, Otto S et al (2017) Structure and reactivity of a mononuclear gold<span class="small-caps">(II)</span> complex. Nat Chem 9:1249–1255. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Elder SH, Lucier GM, Hollander FJ, Bartlett N (1997) Synthesis of Au(II) fluoro complexes and their structural and magnetic properties. J Am Chem Soc 119:1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9630654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Seidel S, Seppelt K (2000) Xenon as a complex ligand: the tetra xenono gold(II) cation in AuXe42+(Sb2F11−)2. Science 290:117–118. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5489.117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Blake AJ, Greig JA, Holder AJ et al (1990) Bis(1,4,7-trithiacyclononane)gold dication: a paramagnetic, mononuclear AuII complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 29:197–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199001971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Levin MD, Toste FD (2014) Gold-catalyzed allylation of aryl boronic acids: accessing cross-coupling reactivity with gold. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:6211–6215. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201402924

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Monticelli M, Baron M, Tubaro C et al (2019) Structural and luminescent properties of homoleptic silver(I), gold(I), and palladium(II) complexes with nNHC-tzNHC heteroditopic carbene ligands. ACS Omega 4:4192–4205. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b03668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Nishikawa M, Sano T, Washimi M et al (2016) Emission properties and Cu(I)–Cu(I) interaction in 2-coordinate dicopper(I)-bis(N-heterocyclic)carbene complexes. Dalton Trans 45:12127–12136. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6DT01239F

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu Q-X, Yang X-Q, Zhao X-J et al (2010) Macrocyclic dinuclear silver(I) complexes based on bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands: synthesis and structural studies. CrystEngComm 12:2245–2255. https://doi.org/10.1039/B919007D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dit Dominique JBF, Gornitzka H, Hemmert C (2008) N-Functionalised heterocyclic dicarbene complexes of silver: synthesis and structural studies. J Organomet Chem 693:579–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.11.038

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kobialka S, Müller-Tautges C, Schmidt MTS et al (2015) Stretch out or fold back? Conformations of dinuclear gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene macrocycles. inorg Chem 54:6100–6111. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic502751s

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rancan M, Dolmella A, Seraglia R et al (2012) A templating guest sorts out a molecular triangle from a dimer–trimer constitutional dynamic library. Chem Commun 48:3115–3117. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC30288H

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rancan M, Tessarolo J, Casarin M et al (2014) Double level selection in a constitutional dynamic library of coordination driven supramolecular polygons. Inorg Chem 53:7276–7287. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic500573e

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rancan M, Tessarolo J, Zanonato PL et al (2013) Self-assembly of a constitutional dynamic library of Cu(II) coordination polygons and reversible sorting by crystallization. Dalton Trans 42:7534–7538. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3DT50827G

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. de Frémont P, Scott NM, Stevens ED, Nolan SP (2005) Synthesis and structural characterization of N-heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes. Organometallics 24:2411–2418. https://doi.org/10.1021/om050111c

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tubaro C, Baron M, Costante M et al (2013) Dinuclear gold(I) complexes with propylene bridged N-heterocyclic dicarbene ligands: synthesis, structures, and trends in reactivities and properties. Dalton Trans 42:10952–10963. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3DT51260F

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zielinska A, Skulski L (2004) A solvent-free synthesis of (dichloroiodo)arenes from iodoarenes. Tetrahedron Lett 45:1087–1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.11.071

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Spek AL (2015) PLATON SQUEEZE: a tool for the calculation of the disordered solvent contribution to the calculated structure factors. Acta Crystallogr Sect C Struct Chem 71:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053229614024929

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sheldrick GM (2015) SHELXT—Integrated space-group and crystal-structure determination. Acta Crystallogr Sect Found Adv 71:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053273314026370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sheldrick GM (2015) Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL. Acta Crystallogr Sect C Struct Chem 71:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053229614024218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dolomanov OV, Bourhis LJ, Gildea RJ et al (2009) OLEX2: a complete structure solution, refinement and analysis program. J Appl Crystallogr 42:339–341. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889808042726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Spek AL (2009) Structure validation in chemical crystallography. Acta Crystallogr Sect D Struct Bio 65:148–155. https://doi.org/10.1107/S090744490804362X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Baron M, Tubaro C, Basato M et al (2012) Synthesis of dinuclear N-heterocyclic dicarbene Au(III)/Au(III) and Au(II)/Au(II) complexes via oxidative addition of chlorine or bromine to Au(I)/Au(I) species. J Organomet Chem 714:41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.02.020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Murray HH III, Fackler JP Jr, Porter LC, Mazany AM (1986) The reactivity of [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2(1) with CCl4. The oxidative addition of CCl4 to a dimeric gold ylide complex to give AuII and AuIII CCl3 adducts. The X-ray crystal structure of [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2Cl2, [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2(CCl3)Cl, and [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2(CCl3)Cl3. J Chem Soc, Chem Commun. https://doi.org/10.1039/C39860000321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Mageed AH, Skelton BW, Sobolev AN, Baker MV (2018) Formation of dinuclear AuII and AuI/AuIII mixed-valence complexes is directed by structural constraints imposed by cyclophane-NHC ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018:109–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201701272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marco Baron.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 329 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baron, M., Rancan, M., Armelao, L. et al. Quantitative Selection of the Axially Chiral Conformation in a Flexible Dinuclear Gold(I) di(N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complex via Chlorine Oxidative Addition. J Chem Crystallogr 51, 175–182 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10870-020-00840-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10870-020-00840-7

Keywords

Navigation