Novel tellurite glass (60-x)TeO2–10GeO2 -20ZnO–10BaO - xBi2O3 for radiation shielding
Introduction
In the twenty-first century, the ionizing radiations are utilized in our daily lives in different beneficial medical, agricultural and industrial applications. For example, hospitals use radiation in a wide range of ways to produce detailed images of the human body, which provide valuable diagnostic information for doctors and their patients. Also, there are several industrial applications of the radiation, including product sterilization, material density evaluation, electricity generation, static elimination and quality control. On the other hand; radiations are used in the agriculture to induce genetic alterations in order to improve crop variates and mutation breeding [1,2]. These radiations have a high ability to penetrate and ionize the human body and can cause direct harm to the body (death) or indirect harm by creating deformations and hereditary for the new generations. So, extensive efforts have been conducted to reduce the ionizing radiation hazard, shielding materials is one of the methods used for this purpose and it is attracting the researchers to make new types of shielding materials [[2], [3], [4], [5], [6]]. Standard materials such as lead and concrete have been used to be shielding materials of ionizing radiation [7,8]. But these materials have exhibited some limitations in radiation shielding fields. These limitations are in lead toxicity and reduction in density for concrete with time [[9], [10], [11]]. So, different materials were proposed to be radiation shielding materials such as glass, ceramic and polymer [[12], [13], [14], [15]]. The glass materials are one of the best choices in this area because they have attractive properties due to transparent, ability to mold in any shape, a good solvent for different elements and easy forming. Tellurite rich glasses considered as one of the main glass formers which promising for optical and photonic applications, this kind of glasses are well-known with easy to fabricate at low melting temperatures, high density, high-refractive index, excellent transmission window, high-refractive index, higher nonlinear optical properties, good stability, high chemical durability, high immunity against clustering and crystallization, and relatively low-phonon energies [[16], [17], [18]]. Also, recently different researchers reported that they have good radiation shielding ability [[19], [20], [21], [22]]. Rammah et al. [20] used the Monte Carlo simulation and reported the attenuation factors for TeO2–B2O3–Bi2O3–TiO2 glasses. Also, they calculated the exposure buildup factor for the glasses using G-P fitting parameter. They found that the penetration ability of the photon through the tested glasses directly depend on the chemical composition of the glasses. Halimah et al. [21] reported the influence of Bi2O3 on the gamma ray shielding features of borotellurite glass. They used the lead equipment thickness (LET) to measure the mass attenuation coefficient for the fabricated glasses at the energy emitted from 137Cs source. Also, the authors used the WinXcom to calculate the mass attenuation coefficient and other related shielding parameters. Al-Buriahi et al. [23] applied Geant4 code and investigated the effect of TeO2 on the radiation shielding characteristics of calcium boro-tellurite glasses. They found that the radiation shielding features of the studied glass systems improve with the addition of TeO2 due to the high atomic number of the Te element. Also, their results revealed that the TeO2 had a little effect on the electron radiation-shielding ability of the calcium boro-tellurite glasses. Ersundu et al. [24] studied the radiation shielding features of tellurite glasses with different contents of ZnO and MoO3 at different energies between 79.6 and 383.8 keV. They found that the experimental mass attenuation coefficient varied between 1.864 and 2.501 at 79.6 keV, while the effective atomic number varied between 21.12 and 25.36 at 0.5 MeV. Susoy [25] used MCNPX to evaluate the photon shielding properties of Li2O–B2O3–P2O5–TeO2 glass system. He determined the mass attenuation coefficient for the energy range of 0.02–20 MeV. The obtained results revealed that the TeO2 has a positive effect on the nuclear shielding performance for the selected glasses and the sample with 80 mol% of TeO2 has the highest mass attenuation coefficient values. As known, the materials owing high effective atomic numbers can be chosen for making new shielding materials, so the TeO2 and GeO2 can be selected to fabricate heavy glass. Unlike other types of glass formers, TeO2 cannot form glass by itself when the liquid state conventionally quenched [26]. Based on that, different elements such as bismuth, barium, and zinc, etc. can be utilized to form stable glass samples and dense [[16], [17], [18]]. In addition, several studies have been shown the role of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) as a good glass modifier. The glass containing high ratios of Bi2O3 is considered very effective for absorption the ionizing radiation. Another modifier, zinc oxide (ZnO), is widely used with different types of glass formers as a result of its good properties like reducing crystallization, enhance the thermal stability and improve the chemical durability for the glass matrixes. While the barium oxide (BaO) proved its efficiency as a good modifier for several glass formers, it is also non-toxic and has a high ability to absorb ionizing radiation. This work aims to find the correlation between the shielding features and glass structure as well as physical and optical properties for a new series of glass samples GeO2-ZnO-BaO-TeO2-Bi2O3. In addition, we studied the influence of Bi2O3 on the former properties for the current glass samples.
Section snippets
Syntheses of the Tellurite-Germanate-Bismuth glasses
In this work, we focused on the glasses based on heavy metal formers and modifiers. These heavy metals grunt high dense glasses which is an important factor to design glasses for gamma-ray shielding. Glass system with composition formula of (60-x) TeO2–10GeO2-20ZnO–10BaO-xBi2O3 where x = 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mol. %. Four glasses have been synthesized using the usual melt-quenching-annealing process. The chemicals evolved in this work were purchased in high purity around 99.98% from Sigma Aldrich.
Physical properties
Various formulas were utilized to compute the physical, structural, optical and radiation shielding properties. These formulas were mentioned in previous works [27,28]. The density was calculated for the current glass samples according to the buoyancy force by using the Archimedes principle and Toluene was used as an immersed fluid. The enhancement in the density (ρ) values with the addition of the Bi2O3 contents gradually to the glass system is illustrated in Table 1. This enhancement was
Conclusions
In summary, four glasses have been fabricated with composition formula of (60-x) TeO2–10GeO2-20ZnO–10BaO-xBi2O3 where x = 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 all in mol.%. Glasses show high transparency with high density which is an important factor for shielding application. All synthesized samples did not show any sharp peck, it records a broad band between 20° and 35° proving the amorphous nature of these glasses. The values of refractive appear slight increment with addition Bi2O3 to glass matrix as a
CRediT authorship contribution statement
M.I. Sayyed: Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis. Ali A. Ati: Visualization, Resources. M.H.A. Mhareb: Data curation, Writing - review & editing. K.A. Mahmoud: Data curation, Writing - review & editing. Kawa M. Kaky: Methodology, Writing - review & editing, Project administration. S.O. Baki: Project administration, Funding acquisition. M.A. Mahdi: Supervision.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
All Authors present their grateful acknowledge to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), for supporting this work by chemicals and services, which granted by UPM under IPB-9554200.
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