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The buoyancy-based biotope axis of the evolutionary radiation of Antarctic cryonotothenioid fishes

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Abstract

In the absence of any prior comprehensive analysis, I evaluate divergence along the biotope axis in the habitat stage of the evolutionary radiation of Antarctic cryonotothenioids. I utilize the available percentage buoyancy (%B) measurements as habitat proxies for recognition of the pelagic, semipelagic, demersal, and benthic biotopes that include, respectively, 5%, 10%, 73%, and 12% of the 59 species and 1749 specimens in the study. The majority of species retain the ancestral demersal biotope of Eleginops maclovinus, and this probably enhances ecological plasticity. Divergence into the pelagic biotope is the most distinctive organismal feature of the radiation and, although only 5% of species are pelagic, this biotope is not depauperate in global comparisons. Pelagic or potentially pelagic species are Dissostichus mawsoni, D. eleginoides, Pleuragramma antarctica, Aethotaxis mitopteryx, and Gvozdarus svetovidovi. Small ontogenetic changes in %B with growth are typical; however, this is extensive in D. mawsoni, a species with the potential to transition through benthic to pelagic biotopes over ontogeny. Occupation of the pelagic biotope by large D. mawsoni may be impermanent as it is lipid-dependent, a contingency reliant on the availability of P. antarctica as prey. In unusual conditions, the specialized sacs of P. antarctica can also yield their lipid for metabolism with possible loss of buoyancy. Pelagic species are inordinately important in the food web. In the southwestern Ross Sea a guild of large mammalian and avian predators, which includes D. mawsoni, is reliant on lipid-rich, energy-dense cryonotothenioid prey. This includes asymmetrical intraguild predation on D. mawsoni, with P. antarctica as a basal resource for the guild.

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Acknowledgements

For providing information, advice or permissions to use photos, I thank David Ainley (H.T. Harvey & Associates Ecological Consultants), Maggie Amsler (University of Alabama, Birmingham), Arcady Balushkin (Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences), Elena Boucher, Stacy Kim (Moss Landing Marine Labs), Komoda Masazumi (NHK Japan), Thomas Near (Yale University), and John Priscu (Montana State University). Three reviewers provided useful comments. The work was supported by NSF ANT 04-36190.

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    Joseph T. Eastman

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Eastman, J.T. The buoyancy-based biotope axis of the evolutionary radiation of Antarctic cryonotothenioid fishes. Polar Biol 43, 1217–1231 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02702-6

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