Abstract
The innate immune response constitutes the first line of defense against pathogens. It involves the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), the production of inflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of immune cells to infection sites. Recently, ADP-heptose, a soluble intermediate of the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathway in Gram-negative bacteria, has been identified by several research groups as a PAMP. Here, we recapitulate the evidence that led to this identification and discuss the controversy over the immunogenic properties of heptose 1,7-bisphosphate (HBP), another bacterial heptose previously defined as an activator of innate immunity. Then, we describe the mechanism of ADP-heptose sensing by alpha-protein kinase 1 (ALPK1) and its downstream signaling pathway that involves the proteins TIFA and TRAF6 and induces the activation of NF-κB and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, we discuss possible delivery mechanisms of ADP-heptose in cells during infection, and propose new lines of thinking to further explore the roles of the ADP-heptose/ALPK1/TIFA axis in infections and its potential implication in the control of intestinal homeostasis.
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Abbreviations
- ADP-heptose:
-
ADP-L-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose
- ADP-heptose 7P:
-
ADP-heptose 7-phosphate
- AIDA:
-
Adhesin involved in diffuse adherence
- AKT:
-
AK strain-transforming protein/protein kinase B
- ALPK1:
-
Alpha-protein kinase 1
- CD:
-
Cluster of differentiation
- CLR:
-
C-type lectin receptor
- dsRNA:
-
Double-stranded RNA
- FHA:
-
Forkhead-associated domain
- GM-CSF:
-
Granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor
- HBP:
-
D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate
- HEK:
-
Human embryonic kidney
- HIV:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- HMP1:
-
D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose 1-monophosphate
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IKK:
-
IκB kinase
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IP:
-
Interferon-γ induced protein
- IκB:
-
Inhibitor of κB
- Kdo:
-
3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid
- KIF:
-
Kinesin superfamily protein
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MCP:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein
- MIP:
-
Macrophage inflammatory protein
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- NEMO:
-
NF-κB essential modulator
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear-factor kappa B
- NLR:
-
NOD-like receptor
- NLRP3:
-
NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3
- NMNAT:
-
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase
- NOD:
-
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain
- NTD:
-
N-terminal domain
- PAMP:
-
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PRR:
-
Pathogen recognition receptor
- pT9:
-
Phospho-threonine 9
- RANTES:
-
Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted
- RIG:
-
Retinoid acid-inducible gene
- RLK:
-
Receptor-like kinase
- RLR:
-
RIG-like receptor
- T3/4SS:
-
Type 3/4 secretion system
- T9:
-
Threonine 9
- TAB:
-
TAK-1-binding protein
- TAK:
-
Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1
- Th1:
-
Type 1 helper T cell
- Th17:
-
Type 17 helper T cell
- TIFA:
-
TRAF-interacting protein with FHA domain-containing protein A
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TNFα:
-
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TRAF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor
- Treg:
-
Regulatory T cell
- TRIM:
-
Tripartite motif
- Wt:
-
Wild type
- ZCCHC:
-
Zinc finger CCHC-type containing protein
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Acknowledgements
We thank Anne-Sophie Dangeard and Veronica Teixeira for critically reviewing the manuscript.
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We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Grants no: ANR‐14‐ACHN‐0029‐01 and ANR‐17‐CE15‐0006, including postdoctoral fellowships to DGW) and from Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (Grant No: ARC—PJA20171206187).
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García-Weber, D., Arrieumerlou, C. ADP-heptose: a bacterial PAMP detected by the host sensor ALPK1. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 78, 17–29 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03577-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03577-w