Abstract
Mixed matrix membranes were prepared by blending polyethersulfone with zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (ZOH) solution, and coating by polyvinyl alcohol layer. Different analyses were applied in the prepared membranes. Membranes performances were examined using different salty solutions concentrations (5000, 10,000 and 20,000 mg/L) and a real sample from highly concentrated seawater (brine) of 1,30,900 mg/L. The results indicate that blending polyethersulfone with 1.5% ZOH and coating with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linking layer (M4) provides salt rejection of 99.9% with permeate flux of 32.4 L/m2.h for the salt solution of 5000 mg/L, while salt rejection was 92% with permeate flux of 11.1 L/m2.h for the salt solution of 1,30,900 mg/L. The results indicate enhancement in the hydrophilicity of the membranes especially after coating by the PVA layer and increasing the ZOH%, such as the high permeate flux and the lowest contact angle of prepared membrane M4 (1.5% ZOH) which was 39.7°. A long time experiment was applied on the prepared membrane (M4), where the results indicate that the permeate flux for a long time was approximately fixed for 120 h, which indicates that the membrane can be considered as a self-cleaning membrane.
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Shannon, M. A., Bohn, P. W., Elimelech, M., Georgiadis, J. G., Marinas, B. J., Mayes, A. M. Nanosci. Technol. 2008, 452, 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814287005_0035.Search in Google Scholar
2. Elimelech, M., Phillip, W. A. Science 2011, 333, 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3. Lee, K. P., Arnot, T. C., Mattia, D. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 370, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.036.Search in Google Scholar
4. Shenvi, S. S., Isloor, A. M., Ismail, A. F. Desalination 2015, 368, 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.12.042.Search in Google Scholar
5. Lau, W. J., Gray, S., Matsuura, T., Emadzadeh, D., Chen, J. P., Ismail, A. F. Water. Res. 2015, 80, 306–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.037.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Kang, G., Cao, Y. Water Res. 2012, 46, 584–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Wang, N. C., Fang, L. F., Wang, J., Zhang, P., Wang, W. P., Lin, C. E., Xiao, L., Chen, C., Zhao, B., Abdallah, H., et al. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 47068, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47068.Search in Google Scholar
8. Lau, W. J., Ismail, A. F., Misdan, N., Kassim, M. A. Desalination 2012, 287, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.04.004.Search in Google Scholar
9. Asim, K. G., Eric, M. V. H. J. Membr. Sci. 2009, 336, 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.03.024.Search in Google Scholar
10. Tang, C. Y., Kwon, Y., Leckie, J. O. Desalination 2009, 242,168–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.04.004.Search in Google Scholar
11. Liu, Y. H., Benqiao, H., Jianxin, L., Sanderson, R. D., Li, L., Zhang, S. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 373, 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.02.045.Search in Google Scholar
12. Zhou, M., Zhang, P., Fang, L., Zhu, B., Wang, J., Chen, J., Abdallah, H. J Hazard. Mater. 2019, 373, 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.088.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Jamil, T. S., Mansor, E. S., Abdallah, H., Shaban, A. M., Souaya, E. G. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6 ,3273–3282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.05.006.Search in Google Scholar
14. Abdallah, H., Taman, R., Elgayar, D., Farag, H. Eur. Polym. J. 2018, 108,542–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.09.035.Search in Google Scholar
15. Fujioka, T., Khan, S. J., Poussade, Y. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2012, 98, 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.07.025.Search in Google Scholar
16. Wang, M., Wu, L. G, Mob, J. X., Gao, C. J. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 274, 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.05.035.Search in Google Scholar
17. Yang, M. C., Liu, T. Y. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 226, 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2003.08.013.Search in Google Scholar
18. Ramamoorthy, M., Ulbricht, M. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 217, 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00133-9.Search in Google Scholar
19. Yang, G., Zhang, L., Feng, H. J. Membr. Sci. 1993, 16, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00095-2.Search in Google Scholar
20. Rajakumaran, R., Boddu, V., Kumar, M., Shalaby, M. S., Abdallah, H., Chetty, R. Desalination 2019, 467, 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.06.018.Search in Google Scholar
21. Yu, L., Deana, K., Lin, L. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2006, 31, 576–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.03.002.Search in Google Scholar
22. Semiat, R., Hasson, D. Rev. Chem. Eng. 2012, 28, 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2011-0019.Search in Google Scholar
23. Reddya, A. V. R., Patelb, H. R. Desalination 2008, 221, 318–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.089.Search in Google Scholar
24. Wu, L., Sunb, J., Wang, Q. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 285, 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.08.033.Search in Google Scholar
25. Ehsan, S., Toraj, M. Desalination 2009, 249, 850–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.066.Search in Google Scholar
26. Balazs, K., Gabor, K. J. Memb. Sci. 1991, 62, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(91)80062-B.Search in Google Scholar
27. Tang, B., Huo, Z., Wu, P. J. Memb. Sci. 2008, 320,198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.04.002.Search in Google Scholar
28. Yongqiang, G., Song, Z., Zhihua, Q., Yixuan, Z., Baodong, S., Zhi, W., Jixiao, W. Desalination 2018, 430, 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.12.055.Search in Google Scholar
29. Pham, V. A., Santerre, J. P., Matsuura, T., Narbaitz, R. M. J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 1999, 73, 1363–1378. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990822)73:8<1363::AID-APP3>3.0.CO;2-P.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990822)73:8<1363::AID-APP3>3.0.CO;2-PSearch in Google Scholar
30. Ananth, A., Arthanareeswaran, G., Wang, H. Desalination 2012, 287, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.030.Search in Google Scholar
31. Ani, I., Zain, N. M., Noordinb, M. Y. Desalination 2007, 207, 324–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.08.008.Search in Google Scholar
32. Saeki, D., Nagao, S., Sawada, I., Ohmukai, Y., Maruyama, T., Matsuyama, H. J. Membr. Sci. 2013, 428, 403–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.10.038.Search in Google Scholar
33. Shaban, M., AbdAllah, H., Said, L., Ahmed, A M. J. Polym. Res. 2019, 26,1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-019-1831-4.Search in Google Scholar
34. Judes, J., Kamaraj, V. Mater. Sci.-Poland 2009, 27, 407–415.10.1016/j.ccl.2009.03.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed
35. Fonseca dos Reis, E., Campos, F. S., Lage, A. P., Leite, R. C., Heneine, L. G., Vasconcelos, W. L., Lobato, Z. I. P., Mansur, H. S. Mater. Res. 2006, 9, 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117810.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
36. Guo, R., Fang, X., Wu, H., Jiang, Z. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 322, 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.015.Search in Google Scholar
37. Hu, Y., Lu, K., Yan, F., Shi, Y., Yu, P., Yu, S., Li, S., Gao, C. J. Membr. Sci. 2016, 501, 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.12.003.Search in Google Scholar
38. Thomas, C. W. M. Can. J. Chem. 1968, 46, 3491–349. https://doi.org/10.1139/v68-579.Search in Google Scholar
39. Ahmad, A., Jamshaid, F., Adrees, M., Iqbal, S. S., Sabir, A., Riaz, T., Zaheer, H., Islam, A., Jamil, T. Desalination 2017, 420, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.07.007.Search in Google Scholar
40. Chen, K., Xiao, C., Huang, Q., Liu, H., Tang, Y. Desalination 2018, 425, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.004.Search in Google Scholar
41. Sabir, A., Falath, W., Jacob, K. I., Shafiq, M., Munawar, M. A., Islam, A., Gull, N., Butt, M. T. Z., Sanaullah, K., Jamil, T. Eur. Polym J. 2016, 85, 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.032.Search in Google Scholar
42. Xie, W., Geise, G. M., Freeman, B. D., Lee, H., Byun, G., McGrath, J. E. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, 152, 403–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.038.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston