SuccinctusHelminth genome analysis reveals conservation of extracellular vesicle biogenesis pathways but divergence of RNA loading machinery between phyla
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant to M.W.R. (BB/L019612/1) from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), UK. A.P.S.B. was supported by a postgraduate studentship from the Department for the Economy (DfE), Northern Ireland.
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2022, Trends in ParasitologyCitation Excerpt :Exosome formation involves fusion of late endosomes with the plasma membrane and, as such, exosome-like particles are enriched with proteins of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway, for instance, Rabs [36], Vps4 [36], Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (TAM)-binding protein, and TSG101 [37]. Conversely, microvesicles have been discovered in secretions from GI helminths, including A. suum [31] and F. hepatica [34]; these originate from direct outward budding of the plasma membrane and are associated with proteins involved in microvesicle formation, including Rho1, MAPK3, flippase, and/or calpain [38]. The specific function(s) that helminth EVs play in host–parasite communications has/have long been unclear.
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2022, Journal of Controlled ReleaseCitation Excerpt :Particularly, ESCRT-I and -II are involved in the development of budding and the sequestering of ubiquitinated proteins, and the dissociation and scission of intraluminal vesicles are mediated via ESCRT-III [33,34]. Several studies demonstrated that the number of ESCRT subgroups and activation rate may vary among cell lineages [35,36]. Seven ESCRT proteins have been discovered in HeLa cells, along with suppressing effectors, such as Hrs, TSG1010, and STAM1 belonging to ESCRT-0 and -I, that prevent intraluminal vesicle release [35].
Helminth extracellular vesicles: Interactions with the host immune system
2021, Molecular ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :Proteins implicated in RNA-loading into EVs such as argonaute 2 (Ago2) are conserved in helminths, though there are some differences between phyla (Bennett et al., 2020b). Major vault protein (MVP) is conserved solely in platyhelminths and present in their EVs, and there has been a lineage-specific expansion of argonaut proteins (WAGOs) in nematodes (Bennett et al., 2020b). A WAGO from H. polygyrus is found associated with small interfering (si)RNAs specifically found within EVs, suggesting a means of selective export (Chow et al., 2019).
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2021, Acta TropicaCitation Excerpt :In our study, the highest expression of the Syntenin-encoding mRNA was detected in 14 dpi shistosomula; given the homology with Syntenin of other organisms. A recent genome analysis revealed that most helminth parasites retain functional interaction by keeping the functional domains and motifs of mammalian ESCRT proteins (Bennett et al., 2020b). This study revealed that the EV biogenesis pathway in helminth broadly follows an evolutionary route rather than dependent on the environmental niches of the individual species.