Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the waterlogging tolerance of Cornell-Geneva (G11, G202, G214, G935, CG4814, and CG5087), M26, and M9 apple rootstocks. After grafting ‘Fuji’ scions on each type of rootstock, grafted trees were planted in 17-L pots and grown in a greenhouse under well-irrigated conditions. Sixteen weeks after planting, grown trees were divided into two groups: one group was drip-irrigated daily with 2 L of water (control treatment, CT), and the other group was waterlogged by repeating flooding and drainage at 1- to 3-day intervals for 4 weeks (waterlogging treatment, WT). After the cessation of flooding, trees were irrigated as in CT for 18 days. Trees grafted on G202, G214, and M9 had markedly lower leaf water potential than CT trees on the 27th day of flooding; predawn leaf water potential was − 1.26 to − 1.45 MPa in WT trees and − 0.30 to − 0.32 MPa in CT trees, and midday leaf water potential was − 2.85 to − 3.03 MPa in WT trees and − 1.83 to − 1.87 MPa in CT trees. This difference persisted until the 18th day after the cessation of flooding. The net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of trees grafted on these rootstocks were also extremely low in WT trees, and they did not recover to the corresponding levels in CT trees until the 18th day after the cessation of flooding. Among WT trees, the height, trunk cross-sectional area, and dry weight of G202, G214, and M9 trees were markedly lower than those of trees grafted on other rootstocks, whereas CG4814 trees showed the least reduction in these parameters. The defoliation percentages of G202, G214, and M9 trees were 22%, 23%, and 35%, respectively, in WT trees, whereas trees grafted on other rootstocks had 4 to 9% defoliation. Thus, G202 and G214 trees showed similar sensitivity levels as M9 trees, whereas CG4814 trees were more resistant to flooding than M26 trees, and G11, G935, and CG5087 trees showed a waterlogging tolerance comparable to M26 trees.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CT:
-
Control treatment
- G s :
-
Stomatal conductance
- P n :
-
Net photosynthetic rate
- WT:
-
Waterlogging treatment
- Ѱleaf :
-
Leaf water potential
- Ѱmd :
-
Midday leaf water potential
- Ѱpd :
-
Predawn leaf water potential
References
Abod SA, Webster AD (1989) Root and shoot growth of newly transplanted apple trees as affected by rootstock cultivar, defoliation and time after transplanting. J Hort Sci 64:655–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1989.11516005
Addicott FT (1991) Abscission: shedding of parts. In: Raghavendra AS (ed) Physiology of trees. Wiley, New York, pp 273–300
Auvil TD, Schmidt TR, Hanrahan I, Castillo F, McFerson JR, Fazio G (2011) Evaluation of dwarfing rootstocks in Washington apple replant sites. Acta Hortic 903:265–271. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.903.33
Bacon PE, Mcgarity JW, Hoult EH, Alter D (1986) Soil mineral nitrogen concentration within cycles of flood irrigation: effect of rice stubble and fertilization management. Soil Biol Biochem 18:173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(86)90023-4
Blanke MM, Cooke DT (2004) Effects of flooding and drought on stomatal activity, transpiration, photosynthesis, water potential and water channel activity in strawberry stolons and leaves. Plant Growth Regul 42:153–160. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GROW.0000017489.21970.d4
Cline JA, Norton D, Embree CG, Privé JP (2010) Performance of Jonagold, McIntosh and Novaspy on three new semi-dwarf apple rootstocks in eastern Canada. Can J Plant Sci 90:877–883. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps09186
Colin-Belgrand M, Dreyer E, Biron P (1991) Sensitivity of seedlings from different oak species to waterlogging: effects on root growth and mineral nutrition. Ann Sci For 48:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19910206
El-Beltagy AS, Hall MA (1974) Effect of water stress upon endogenous ethylene levels in Vicia faba. New Phytol 73:47–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1974.tb04605.x
Else MA, Coupland D, Dutton L, Jackson MB (2001) Decreased root hydraulic conductivity reduces leaf water potential, initiates stomatal closure and slows leaf expansion in flooded plants of castor oil (Ricinus communis) despite diminished delivery of ABA from the roots to shoots in xylem sap. Physiol Plant 111:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110107.x
Fazio G, Aldwinckle HS, Robinson TL, Wan Y (2011) Implementation of molecular marker technologies in the Apple Rootstock Breeding program in Geneva—challenges and successes. Acta Hortic 903:61–68. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.903.3
Gomez-Cadenas A, Tadeo FR, Talon M, Primo-Millo E (1996) Leaf abscission induced by ethylene in water-stressed intact seedlings of Cleopatra mandarin requires previous abscisic acid accumulation in roots. Plant Physiol 112:401–408. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.1.401
Kim KR, Yoon TM (1998) Techniques for the production of superior nursery apple trees. In: Kim KR, Yoon TM (eds) Andong National University Press. Andong, Korea, pp 28–45
Kozlowski TT (1997) Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiol Monogr 1:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.7.490
Kramer PJ (1983a) Development of root systems. In: Kramer PJ (ed) Water relations of plants. Academic Press, London, pp 170–177
Kramer PJ (1983b) Water deficits and plant growth. In: Kramer PJ (ed) Water relations of plants. Academic Press, London, pp 342–389
Kviklys D, Robinson TL, Fazio G (2016) Apple rootstock evaluation for apple replant disease. Acta Hortic 1130:425–430. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1130.63
Lakso AN (2003) Water relations of apples. In: Ferree DC, Warrington IJ (eds) Apples: botany, production and uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, pp 167–194
Lee CH, Sugiura A, Tomana T (1982) Effect of flooding on the growth and some physiological changes of young apple rootstock (in Japanese with English summary). J Jap Soc Hortic Sci 51:270–277. https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.51.270
Marchioretto LDR, Leonardo ADR, Amaral LOD, Ribeiro AMADS (2018) Tolerance of apple rootstocks to short-term waterlogging. Cienc Rural. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170940
Mielke MS, Almeida AF, Gomes FP, Aguilar MAG, Mangabeira PAO (2003) Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth responses of Genipa americana seedlings to soil flooding. Environ Exp Bot 50:221–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0098-8472(03)00036-4
Oh SD (1998) Emphasis on low tree & high density planting system—future prospects of research strategies in Korea. Kor J Hortic Sci Technol 16:264–268
Parent C, Capelli N, Berger A, Crèvecoeur M, Dat JF (2008) An overview of plant responses to soil waterlogging. Plant Stress 2:20–27
Parolin P, Wittmann F (2010) Struggle in the flood: tree responses to flooding stress infour tropical floodplain systems. AoB Plants. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plq003
Robinson TL (2003) Apple-orchard planting systems. In: Ferree DC, Warrington IJ (eds) Apples: botany, production and uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, pp 345–385
Robinson TL (2011) Advances in apple culture worldwide. Rev Bras Frutic 33:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452011000500006
Robinson TL, Fazio G, Aldwinckle HS, Hoying SA, Russo N (2006) Field performance of Geneva® apple rootstocks in the Eastern USA. Sodininkystė ir daržininkystė 25:181–191
Russo NL, Robinson TL, Fazio G, Aldwinckle HS (2007) Field evaluation of 64 apple rootstocks for orchard performance and fire blight resistance. HortScience 42:1517–1525
Schaffer B, Andersen PC, Ploetz RC (1992) Responses of fruit crops to flooding. In: Janick J (ed) Horticultural reviews, vol 13. Wiley, New York, pp 257–313
Watanabe K, Nishiuchi S, Kulichikhin K, Nakazono M (2013) Does suberin accumulation in plant roots contribute to waterlogging tolerance? Front Plant Sci 4:178. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00178
Webster AD (2005) Roots and root growth. In: Tromp J, Webster AD, Wertheim SJ (eds) Fundamentals of temperate zone tree fruit production. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp 107–119
Webster AD, Wertheim SJ (2003) Apple rootstocks. In: Ferree DC, Warrington IJ (eds) Apples: botany, production and uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, pp 91–124
Webster T, Tobutt K, Evans K (2000) Breeding and evaluation of new rootstocks of apple pear and sweet cherry. The Compact Fruit Tree 33:100–104
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry (IPET) through Agri-Bio Industry Technology Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (315020-5).
Funding
This study was funded by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry (IPET) through Agri-Bio Industry Technology Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
T.M.Y. planned the experiment, developed the theoretical formalism, and verified the analytical methods; B.H.C. conducted the experiments, and wrote the paper; N.B. provided technical assistance; W.T.J., I.H.P., and S.G.H. contributed to the design and implementation of the research.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors B.H.C., N.B., W.T.J., I.H.P., and S.G.H. have received research grants from IPET.
Human and animal rights
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Communicated by Ikjo Chun.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, BH., Bhusal, N., Jeong, WT. et al. Waterlogging tolerance in apple trees grafted on rootstocks from G, CG, and M series. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 61, 685–692 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-020-00258-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-020-00258-2