Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Measurement of size-fractionated atmospheric particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mumbai, India, and their dry deposition fluxes

  • Published:
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Size-fractionated particulate matter (PM), associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their dry deposition fluxes were measured in a coastal urban environment of Mumbai, India. PM samples were collected using a variable configuration cascade impactor (VCCI) with 11 size fractionation stages. Dry deposition samples were collected using a round-bottomed PVC tray. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the identification and quantification of PAHs in samples. PM were observed to range between 58 and 130 μg m−3, with a mean dry deposition flux of 1298 mg m−2 day−1. Observed PM concentrations during the sampling period were found to be well above the WHO Air Quality Guidelines. A strong linear correlation was observed between the gravitational settling velocities and estimated dry deposition velocities for PM. Concentrations of PAHs associated with PM were observed to be in the range 101–145 ng m−3 while their dry deposition fluxes varied from 1008 to 1160 ng m−2 month−1. The molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs) indicated that sources of PAHs in the study area were petrogenic as well as non-traffic. The dry deposition velocities calculated for PAHs were in the order of 10−4 cm s−1 to 10−3 cm s−1 in the entire size range.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Shafya HI, Mansour MSM (2016) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt J Pet 25(1):107–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Birgül A, Tasdemir Y, Cindoruk SS (2011) Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determined using a modified sampler. Atmos Res 101:341–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkart K, Nehls I, Win T, Endlicher W (2013) The carcinogenic risk and variability of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with consideration of meteorological conditions. Air Qual Atmos Health 6:27–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caffery PF (1997) Size distributions, sources, and dry deposition of atmospheric particles in Southern Lake Michigan. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park

  • Chate DM, Rao PSP, Naik MS, Momin GA, Safai PD, Ali K (2003) Scavenging of aerosols and their chemical species by rain. Atmos Environ 37:2477–2484

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cincinelli A, del Bubba M, Martellini T, Gambaro A, Lepri L (2007) Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy). Chemosphere 68(3):472–478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connan O, Maro D, HeÂbert D, Roupsard P, Goujon R, Letellier B et al (2013) Wet and dry deposition of particles associated metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg) in a rural wetland site, Marais Vernier, France. Atmos Environ 67:394–403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CPCB (2009) http://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards.pdf (Accessed on April 30: 2019)

  • Dvorská A, Lammel G, Klánová J (2011) Use of diagnostic ratios for studying source apportionment and reactivity of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over Central Europe. Atmos Environ 45:420–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippo PD, Riccardi C, Pomata D, Buiarelli F (2010) Concentrations of PAHs, and nitro-and methyl-derivatives associated with a size-segregated urban aerosol. Atmos Environ 44:2742–2749

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrido A, Jimenez-Guerrero P, Ratola N (2014) Levels, trends and health concerns of atmospheric PAHs in Europe. Atmos Environ 99:474–484

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gnauk T, Muller K, Bruggemann E, Birmili W, Weinhold K, van Pinxteren D, Loschau G, Spindler G, Herrmann H (2011) A study to discriminate local, urban and regional source contributions to the particulate matter concentrations in the city of Dresden, Germany. J Atmos Chem 68:199–231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golomb D, Barry E, Fischer G, Varanusupakul P, Koleda M, Rooney T (2001) Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near new England coastal waters. Atmos Environ 35:6245–6258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta S, Kumar K, Srivastava A, Srivastava A, Jain VK (2011) Size distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aerosol particle samples from the atmospheric environment of Delhi, India. Sci Total Environ 409:4674–4680

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hien TT, Thanh LT, Kameda T, Takenaka N, Bandow H (2007) Distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with particle size in urban aerosols at the roadside in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Atmos Environ 41:1575–1586

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein T, Smolik J, Kerminen V, Kulmala M (2012) Modeling dry deposition of aerosol particles onto rough surfaces. Aerosol Sci Technol 46(1):44–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IARC (1991) International Agency for Research on Cancer. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon(FR) 1991:43–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Katsoyiannis A, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC (2011) PAH molecular diagnostic ratios applied to atmospheric sources: a critical evaluation using two decades of source inventory and air concentration data from the UK. Environmental Science & Technology 45:8897–8906

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaupps H, McLachlan MS (1999) Atmospheric particle size distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their implications for wet and dry deposition. Atmos Environ 33:85–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawanaka Y, Matsumoto E, Sakamoto K, Wang N, Yun SJ (2004) Size distributions of mutagenic compounds and mutagenicity in atmospheric particulate matter collected with a low-pressure cascade impactor. Atmos Environ 38:2125–2132

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khaiwal R, Sokhi R, Grieken R (2008) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmos Environ 42:2895–2921

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim K, Ara S, Kabir E, Brown RJC (2013) A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ Int 60:71–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koulouri E, Saarikoski S, Theodosi C, Markaki Z, Gerasopoulos E, Kouvarakis G, Makela T, Hillamo R, Mihalopoulos N (2008) Chemical composition and sources of fine and coarse aerosol particles in the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmos Environ 42:6542–6550

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JY, Shin HJ, Bae SY, Kim YP, Kan CH (2008) Seasonal variation of particle size distributions of PAHs at Seoul, Korea. Air Qual Atmos Health 1:57–68

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Tao S, Liu W, Li X, Chen H, Wu S (2010) Dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its influence on surface soil contamination in Tianjin, China. J Environ Monit 12:952–957

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lv Y, Li X, Xu TT, Cheng TT, Yang X, Chen JM, Iinuma Y, Herrmann H (2016) Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere: sorption mechanism and source contributions to respiratory deposition. Atmos Chem Phys 16:2971–2983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan SM (2016) An overview of particulate dry deposition: measuring methods, deposition velocity and controlling factors. Int J Environ Sci Technol 13:387–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Ncube S, Madikizela L, Cukrowska E, Chimuk L (2018) Recent advances in the adsorbents for isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental sample solutions. Trends Anal Chem 99:101–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nsibande SA, Montaseri H, Forbes PBC (2019) Advances in the application of nanomaterial-based sensors for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic systems. Trends Anal Chem 115:52–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odabasi M, Sofuoglu A, Vardar N, Tasdemir Y, Holsen TM (1999) Measurement of dry deposition and air-water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the water surface sampler. Environ Sci Technol 33:426–434

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pacyna JM (2008) Atmospheric deposition. Ecological Process:275–285

  • Phoothiwut S, Junyapoon S (2013) Size distribution of atmospheric particulates and particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and characteristics of PAHs during haze period in Lampang Province, Northern Thailand. Air Qual Atmos Health 6:397–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-012-0194-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Police S, Sahu SK, Tiwari M, Pandit GG (2018) Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in Trombay (Mumbai, India), a coastal industrial area. Particuology 37:143–153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pooltawee J, Pimpunchat B, Junyapoon S (2017) Size distribution, characterization and risk assessment of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during haze periods in Phayao Province, northern Thailand. Air Qual Atmos Health 10:1097–1112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pryor S, Gallagher M, Sievering H, Larsen SE, Barthelmie RJ, Birsan F, Nemitz E, Rinne J, Kulmala M, Grönholm T (2008) A review of measurement and modelling results of particle atmosphere–surface exchange. Tellus B 60:42–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Radke M, Willsch H, Welte DH (1980) Preparative hydrocarbon group type determination by automated medium pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 52(3):406–411

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu SK, Pandit GG, Puranik VD (2008) Dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with atmospheric particulate matters in an urban site, Mumbai, India. Aerosol Air Qual Res 8(4):437–446

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu SK, Pandit GG and Sadasivan S (2004) Precipitation Scavenging of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mumbai. Sci Total Environ 318 (1-3): 245-249.

  • Sahu SK, Bhangare RC, Ajmal PY, Sharma S, Pandit GG, Puranik VD (2009) Characterization and quantification of persistent organic pollutants in fly ash from coal fueled thermal power stations in India. Microchem J 92:92–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, pp 900-931 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0-471-72018-8

  • Shahin U, Yi SM, Paodes RD, Holsen T (2010) Long-term elemental dry deposition fluxes measured around Lake Michigan with an automated dry deposition sampler. Environ Sci Technol 10(35):1887–1892

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannigrahi AS, Fukusima T, Ozaki N (2005) Comparison of different methods for measuring dry deposition fluxes of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air. Atmos Environ 35:653–662

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen G, Wang W, Yang Y, Ding J, Xue M, Min Y, Zhu C, Shen H, Li W, Wang B, Wang R, Wang X, Tao S, Russell AG (2011) Emissions of PAHs from indoor crop residue burning in a typical rural stove: emission factors, size Distributions, and Gas-Particle Partitioning. Environ Sci Technol 45:1206–1212

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheu HL, Lee WJ, Lin SJ, Fang GC, Chang HC, You WC (1997) Particle-bound PAH content in ambient air. Environ Pollut 96(3):369–382

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi JH, Zhang J, Gao HW, Tan SC, Yao XH, Ren JL (2013) Concentration, solubility and deposition flux of atmospheric particulate nutrients over Yellow Sea. Deep-Sea Res II 97:43–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi GL, Zhou XY, Jiang SY, Tian YG, Liu GR, Feng YC, Chen G, Liang YK (2015) Further insights into the composition, source, and toxicity of PAHs in size-resolved particulate matter in a megacity in China. Environ Chem 34(3):480–487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Sapra BK, Khan A, Kothalkar PK, Mayya YS (2010) Development of variable configuration cascade impactor for aerosol size distribution measurement. Atmos Environ 44:795–802

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stull RB (2012) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht, the Netherlands

  • Tasdemir Y, Esen F (2007) Dry deposition fluxes and deposition velocities of PAHs at an urban site in Turkey. Atmos Environ 41:1288–1301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terzi E, Samara C (2005) Dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural sites of Western Greece. Atmos Environ 39:6261–6270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari M, Sahu SK, Bhangare RC, Ajmal PY, Pandit GG (2013) Estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with size segregated combustion aerosols generated from household fuels. Microchem J 106:79–86

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari M, Sahu SK, Pandit GG (2017) PAHs in size fractionate mainstream cigarette smoke, predictive deposition and associated inhalation risk. Aerosol Air Qual Res 17:176–186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari M, Sahu SK, Pandit GG (2017a) Distribution of PAHs in different compartment of creek ecosystem: ecotoxicological concern and human health risk. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 50:58–66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari M, Sahu SK, Pandit GG (2019) Environmental distribution and ecotoxicological concerns of phthalic acid esters in creek ecosystem. J Environ Sci Health A 54(4):328–336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong X, Chen XC, Chuang HC, Cao JJ, Ho SSH, Lui KH, Ho KF (2019) Characteristics and cytotoxicity of indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Hong Kong. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 12:1459–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00762-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang G, Kawamura K, Xie M, Hu S, Gao S, Cao J, An Z, Wang Z (2009) Size-distributions of n-alkanes, PAHs and hopanes and their sources in the urban, mountain and marine atmospheres over East Asia. Atmos Chem Phys 9:8869–8882

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Liu S, Zhao J, Zuo Q, Liu W, Li B, Tao S (2014) Deposition flux of aerosol particles and 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the north China plain. Environ Toxicol Chem 33(4):753–760

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2018) https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health ()

  • Wu D, Wang Z, Chen J, Kong S, Fu X, Deng H, Shao G, Wu G (2014) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 at a coal-based industrial city: implication for PAH control at industrial agglomeration regions, China. Atmos Res 149:217–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Liu J, Zhai J, Cong L, Wang Y, Ma W, Zhang Z, Li C (2018) Comparison of dry and wet deposition of particulate matter in near-surface waters during summer. PLoS One 13(6):e0199241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yi SM, Totten LA, Thota S, Yan S, Offenberg JH, Eisenreich SJ, Garney J, Holsen TM (2006) Atmospheric dry deposition of trace elements measured around the urban and industrially impacted NY–NJ harbor. Atmos Environ 40:6626–6637

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Vingarzan R, Mitchell RH, Goyette D, Sylvestre S (2002) PAHs in the Fraser river basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH sources and composition. Org Geochem 33:489–515

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Gong S, Padro J, Barrie L (2001) A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module. Atmos Environ 35:49–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang K, Zhang BZ, Li SM, Wong CS, Zeng EY (2012) Calculated respiratory exposure to indoor size-fractioned polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban environment. Sci Total Environ 431:245–251

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Dr. Admir Créso Targino of Federal University of Technology - Paraná/Brazil (UTFPR) for their help in English and content of the present manuscript.

Funding

This work is funded under the plan project of the Government of India at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, 400085, India

    M. Tiwari, S. K. Sahu, T.D. Rathod, R. C. Bhangare, P.Y. Ajmal & A Vinod Kumar

Authors
  1. M. Tiwari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. K. Sahu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. T.D. Rathod
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. C. Bhangare
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. P.Y. Ajmal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A Vinod Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. K. Sahu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOC 123 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tiwari, M., Sahu, S.K., Rathod, T. et al. Measurement of size-fractionated atmospheric particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mumbai, India, and their dry deposition fluxes. Air Qual Atmos Health 13, 939–949 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00849-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00849-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation