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CdSe-Based Quantum Dots as In Situ Pressure and Temperature Non-intrusive Sensors in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts

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Abstract

We present a new technique designed for in situ measurement of pressure and temperature in lubricating films. An innovative methodology has been developed, based on the photoluminescence properties of non-intrusive CdSe-based nanosize sensors (quantum dots). The sensitivity to pressure and temperature of these sensors dispersed in a carrier fluid was established through calibrations performed in diamond anvil cells. Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contacts of different combinations of contacting solids (glass-steel, glass-Si3N4, sapphire-steel and sapphire-Si3N4) and submitted to various operating conditions were studied through in situ experiments and numerical simulations. Isothermal experiments were performed first: both experimental central pressures and pressure profiles were obtained, with a very good agreement with the values predicted by the numerical model. A series of non-isothermal experiments were then carried out to perform temperature measurements. Temperature rises in the central zone of EHD contacts involving various material pairs were measured and compared to predictions, leading to a very satisfying agreement. Overall, the deviation between measurements and predictions remained smaller than the uncertainty of the measurement method. Therefore, these findings proved the potential of the methodology to probe in situ pressure and temperature in EHD contacts. Comparative performance with competing techniques was examined in terms of intrusiveness, level of reliability, spatial resolution, accuracy and complexity. As this work is a pioneering development, the technique may be improved in the near future, opening an avenue for even more accurate or faster measurements for example, and eventually offering a better understanding of the mechanisms at work in this type of lubricated interface.

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Abbreviations

\(a\) :

Contact radius

\(C_{{\text{p}}}\) :

Heat capacity

\(C_{{{\text{pf}}}}\) :

Fluid heat capacity

\(D\) :

Thermal diffusivity

\(E_{{}}\) :

Young’s Modulus

\(E_{{\text{g}}}\) :

Emission energy, used here to denote the energy at maximum emission

\(E_{{{\text{g}}0}}\) :

Constant in Eq. 1

\(E_{{{\text{g}},{\text{inlet}}}}\) :

Emission energy taken at the contact inlet

\(h_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Central film thickness

\(h\left( {x,y} \right)\) :

Film thickness at the coordinates \(\left( {x,y} \right)\)

\(k\) :

Thermal conductivity

\(k_{{\text{f}}}\) :

Fluid thermal conductivity

\(L\) :

Moes material dimensionless parameter

\({\text{LSS}}\) :

Limiting shear stress

\(M\) :

Moes load dimensionless parameter

\(P\) :

Pressure

\(P_{{{\text{Exp}}}}\) :

Experimentally determined pressure

\(P_{{\text{H}}}\) :

Hertzian pressure

\(P_{{{\text{iso}}}}\) :

Pressure found under isothermal conditions

\(P_{{{\text{Num}}}}\) :

Pressure given by the numerical model

\({\text{SRR}}\) :

Slide-to-roll ratio

\(S_{{\text{P}}}\) :

Pressure sensitivity of the emission energy

\(S_{{\text{T}}}\) :

Temperature sensitivity of the emission energy

\(T\) :

Temperature

\(T_{0}\) :

Inlet temperature

\(U_{{\text{e}}}\) :

Entrainment velocity = \(\left( {U_{{\text{b}}} + U_{{\text{d}}} } \right)/2\)

\({\Delta }U\) :

Sliding velocity = \(U_{{\text{b}}} - U_{{\text{d}}}\)

\(U_{{\text{b}}}\) :

Ball velocity

\(U_{{\text{d}}}\) :

Disc velocity

\(w\) :

Normal load

\(\left( {x,y} \right)\) :

Cartesian coordinates in the contact plane

\(\nu\) :

Poisson’s ratio

\(\rho\) :

Density

\(\varphi_{{\text{T}}}\) :

Thermal thickness reduction factor according to Cheng [42]

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the SKF company for financial support through the Research Chair ‘‘Lubricated Interfaces for the Future’’ hosted by the INSA de Lyon Foundation. They also want to thank Professor Alfonso San Miguel and Hatem Diaf (Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière—UMR5306) for sharing their material and experience on diamond anvil cells.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, LaMCoS - UMR5259, 69621, Villeurbanne, France

    Tarek Seoudi, David Philippon, Nicolas Fillot, Lionel Lafarge, Nicolas Devaux & Philippe Vergne

  2. SKF Aerospace France, 26300, Châteauneuf-sur-Isère, France

    Alexandre Mondelin

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  1. Tarek Seoudi
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  2. David Philippon
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Correspondence to Philippe Vergne.

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Seoudi, T., Philippon, D., Fillot, N. et al. CdSe-Based Quantum Dots as In Situ Pressure and Temperature Non-intrusive Sensors in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts. Tribol Lett 68, 73 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01312-x

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