Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of granites and granite gneisses in the SE Karakoram, India: Record of subduction-related and pre- to syn-kinematic magmatism in the Karakoram Fault Zone

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Mineralogy and Petrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The granites and granite gneisses from a tectono-metamorphic complex exposed along the Shyok Valley in the Karakoram region, India, forms the southern margin of Asian plate in the India-Asia collision zone. These rocks have been subjected to mineralogical, geochemical, and U-Pb zircon geochronological investigations to constrain the petrogenetic and geodynamic evolution of the Karakoram terrane. Outcrop-scale observations reveal the presence of pre- and syn-kinematic leucogranite bodies intruded within the granites and granite gneisses. The foliation-parallel deformed leucogranite sill shows the dextral shear sense in an extensive metamorphic complex that is in concordance with the Karakoram Fault (KF) in the Ladakh region, NW India. Whole-rock elemental and biotite chemistry equivocally suggest subduction-related metaluminous (I-type) calc-alkaline nature for most of the host granites and gneisses, and generation of syn-collisional peraluminous (S-type) leucogranites through crustal anatexis of pre-existing rocks. The obtained U-Pb zircon ages for the granites, granite gneisses, deformed and undeformed leucogranites vary widely from ca. 160 Ma to 15 Ma and reveal: (a) the initiation of subduction of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the southern Asian Plate at least ~160 Ma ago, and (b) existence of continuous or intermittent deformation along ~1000 km long lithospheric scale dextral KF during ~27−15 Ma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Rahman AFM (1994) Nature of biotites from alkaline, calc-alkaline, and peraluminous magmas. J Petrol 35:525–541

    Google Scholar 

  • Aitchison JC, Ali JR, Davis AM (2007) When and where did India and Asia collide? J Geophys Res 112:1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Albuquerque CAR (1973) Geochemistry of biotites from granitic rocks, northern Portugal. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 37:1779–1802

    Google Scholar 

  • Anettsungla RV, Kumar S (2018) Redox condition, nature and tectono-magmatic environment of granitoids and granite gneisses from the Karbi Anglong Hills, Northeast India: Constraints from magnetic susceptibility and biotite geochemistry. J Geol Soc India 91(5):601–612

    Google Scholar 

  • Beane RE (1974) Biotite stability in the porphyry copper environment. Econ Geol 69:241–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Bora S, Kumar S (2015) Geochemistry of biotites and host granitoid plutons from the Proterozoic Mahakoshal Belt, central India tectonic zone: implication for nature and tectonic setting of magmatism. Int Geol Rev 57:1686–1706

    Google Scholar 

  • Borneman NL, Hodges KV, Soest MC, Bohon W, Wartho JA, Cronk SS, Ahmad (2015) Age and structure of the Shyok suture in the Ladakh region of northwestern India: implications for slip on the Karakoram fault system. Tectonics 34:2011–2033

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouilhol P, Jagoutz O, Hanchar JM, Dudas FO (2013) Dating the India–Eurasia collision through arc magmatic records. Earth Planet Sci Lett 366:163–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutonnet E, Leloup PH, Arnaud N, Paquette JL, Davis WJ, Hattori K (2012) Synkinematic magmatism, heterogeneous deformation, and progressive strain localization in a strike-slip shear zone: The case of the right‐lateral Karakorum fault. Tectonics 31 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC003049

  • Chappell BW, White AJR (1974) Two contrasting granite types. Pac Geol 8:173–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell BW, White AJR (2001) Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later. Aust J Earth Sci 48:489–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiu HY, Chung SL, Wu FY, Liu DY, Liang YH, Lin YJ, Iizuka Y, Xie LW, Wang YB, Chu MF (2009) Zircon U–Pb and Hf isotope constraints from eastern Transhimalayan batholiths on the precollisional magmatic and tectonic evolution in southern Tibet. Tectonophysics 477:3–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymek RF (1983) Titanium, aluminum and interlayer cation substitutions in biotite from high-grade gneisses’ West Greenland. Amer Miner 6:880–399

    Google Scholar 

  • England P, Houseman G, Sonder L (1985) Length scales for continental deformation in convergent, divergent, and strike-slip environments: Analytical and approximate solutions for a thin viscous sheet model. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 90(B5):3551–3557

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster MD (1960) Interpretation of the composition of trioctahedral micas (No. 354-B):11–49

  • Fraser JE, Searle MP, Parrish RR, Noble SR (2001) Chronology of deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism in the southern Karakoram Mountains. Geol Soc Am Bull 113:1443–1455

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammarstrom JM, Zen EA (1986) Aluminum in hornblende: an empirical igneous geobarometer. Am Miner 71:1297–1313

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich EW (1946) Studies in the mica group; the biotite-phlogopite series. Am J Sci 244:836–848

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuberger S, Schaltegger U, Burg JP, Villa IM, Frank M, Dawood H, Shahid H, Zanchi A (2007) Age and isotopic constraints on magmatism along the Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone, NW Pakistan: Evidence for subduction and continued convergence after India-Asia collision. Swiss J Geosci 100:85–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Honegger K, Dietrich V, Frank W, Gansser A, Thoni M, Trommsdorff V (1982) Magmatism and metamorphism in the Ladakh Himalayas, the Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 60:253–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton F, Leech ML (2013) Age and origin of granites in the Karakoram shear zone and Greater Himalaya Sequence, NW India. Lithosphere 5(3):300–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Houseman G, England P (1993) Crustal thickening versus lateral expulsion in the Indian-Asian continental collision. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 98(B7):12233–12249

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu X, Garzanti E, Wang J, Huang W, An W, Webb A (2016) The timing of India–Asia collision onset—Facts, theories, controversies. Earth-Sci Rev 160:264–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagoutz O, Bouilhol P, Schaltegger U, Müntener O (2018) The isotopic evolution of the Kohistan Ladakh arc from subduction initiation to continent arc collision. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 19:483:SP483–S7

  • Jain AK, Singh S (2008) Tectonics of the southern Asian Plate margin along the Karakoram Shear Zone: Constraints from field observations and U–Pb SHRIMP ages. Tectonophysics 451:186–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain AK, Singh S (2009) Geology and tectonics of the Southeastern Ladakh and Karakoram. GSI Publications 9(1)

  • Jain A (2014) When did India–Asia collide and make the Himalaya? Curr Sci 106:254–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Janoušek V, Farrow CM, Erban V (2006) Interpretation of whole-rock geochemical data in igneous geochemistry: introducing Geochemical Data Toolkit (GCDkit). J Petrol 47(6):1255–1259

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji WQ, Wu FY, Chung SL, Li JX, Liu CZ (2009) Zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet. Chem Geol 262(3–4):229–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MC, Rutherford MJ (1989) Experimental calibration of the aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer with application to Long Valley caldera (California) volcanic rocks. Geology 17:837–841

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang ZQ, Xu JF, Wilde SA, Feng ZH, Chen JL, Wang BD, Fu WC, Pan HB (2014) Geochronology and geochemistry of the Sangri Group Volcanic Rocks, Southern Lhasa Terrane: implications for the early subduction history of the Neo-Tethys and Gangdese Magmatic Arc. Lithos 200:157–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelemen PB, Shimizu N, Dunn T (1993) Relative depletion of niobium in some arc magmas and the continental crust: partitioning of K, Nb, La and Ce during melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 120:111–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinny PD, Strachan RA, Friend CRL, Kocks H, Rogers G, Paterson BA (2003) U–Pb geochronology of deformed metagranites in central Sutherland, Scotland: evidence for widespread late Silurian metamorphism and ductile deformation of the Moine Supergroup during the Caledonian orogeny. J Geol Soc 160:259:269

    Google Scholar 

  • Klootwijk CT, Gee JS, Peirce JW, Smith GM, McFadden PL (1992) An early India–Asia contact: Paleomagnetic constraints from Ninetyeast Ridge, ODP Leg 121. Geology 20:395–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Pathak M (2010) Mineralogy and geochemistry of biotites from Proterozoic granitoids of western Arunachal Himalaya: Evidence of bimodal granitogeny and tectonic affinity. J Geol Soc India 75:715–730

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S (2010) Mafic to Hybrid Microgranular enclaves in the Ladakh Batholith, Northwest Himalaya: Implications on calc-alkaline magma chamber processes. J Geol Soc 76:5–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Bora S, Sharma UK (2016) Geological appraisal of Ladakh and Tirit granitoids in the Indus-Shyok Suture Zones of Northwest Himalaya, India. J Geol Soc 87:737–746

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Bora S, Sharma UK, Yi K, Kim N (2017) Early Cretaceous subvolcanic calc-alkaline granitoid magmatism in the Nubra-Shyok valley of the Shyok Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya, India: Evidence from geochemistry and U–Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronology. Lithos 277:33–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacassin R, Valli F, Arnaud N, Leloup PH, Paquette JL, Haibing L, Tapponnier P, Chevalier ML, Guillot S, Maheo G, Zhiqin X (2004) Large-scale geometry, offset and kinematic evolution of the Karakorum fault, Tibet. Earth Planet Sci Lett 219(3–4):255–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Maitre RW (2002) Igneous rocks: a classification and glossary of terms. Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Science. Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, 2nd edn. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge (236p)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leake BE, Woolley AR, Arps CE, Birch WD, Gilbert MC, Grice JD, Hawthorne FC, Kato A, Kisch HJ, Krivovichev VG, Linthout K (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles: report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the international mineralogical association commission on new minerals and mineral names. Mineral Mag 61:295–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Leloup PH, Boutonnet E, Davis WJ, Hattori K (2011) Long-lasting intracontinental strike‐slip faulting: New evidence from the Karakorum shear zone in the Himalayas. Terra Nova 23:92–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Leloup PH, Weinberg RF, Mukherjee BK, Tapponnier P, Lacassin R, Boutonnet E, Chevalier ML, Valli F, Li H, Arnaud N, Paquette JL et al (2013) Comment on “Displacement along the Karakoram fault, NW Himalaya, estimated from LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of offset geologic markers” published by Shifeng Wang, in EPSL, 2012. Earth Planet Sci Lett 363:242–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Li HB, Valli F, Liu D, Xu Z, Yang J, Arnaud N, Tapponnier P, Lacassin R, Chen S, Qi X (2007) Initial movement of the Karakorum Fault in western Tibet: constraints from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons. Chin Sci Bull 52:1089–1100

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig KR (2008) User’s manual for Isoplot 3.6: A geochronological toolkit for microsoft excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy MR, Weinberg RF (2010) Structural complexity resulting from pervasive ductile deformation in the Karakoram Shear Zone, Ladakh, NW India. Tectonics 1(3):9

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng J, Wang GC, Zhao X, Coe R, Li Y, Finn D (2012) India–Asia collision was at 24°N and 50 Ma: palaeomagnetic proof from southernmost Asia. Sci Rep 2:925. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mengel K, Richter M, Johannes W (2001) Leucosome-forming small-scale geochemical processes in the metapelitic migmatites of the Turku area, Finland. Lithos 56(1):47–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee PK, Singhal S, Adlakha V, Rai SK, Dutt S, Kharya A, Gupta AK (2017) In situ U-Pb zircon micro-geochronology of MCT zone rocks in the Lesser Himalaya using LA-MC-ICPMS technique. Curr Sci 112(4)

  • Murphy MA, Yin A, Kapp P, Harrison TM, Lin D, Jinghui G (2000) Southward propagation of the Karakoram fault system, southwest Tibet: Timing and magnitude of slip. Geology 28(5):451–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Najman Y, Appel E, Boudagher-Fadel M, Bown P, Carter A, Garzanti E, Godin L, Han J, Liebke U, Oliver G, Parrish R (2010) Timing of India‐Asia collision: Geological, biostratigraphic, and palaeomagnetic constraints. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 115(B12)

  • Papoutsa A, Pe-Piper G (2014) Geochemical variation of amphiboles in A-type granites as an indicator of complex magmatic systems: Wentworth pluton, Nova Scotia, Canada. Chem Geol 384:120–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Parrish RR, Tirrul R (1989) U-Pb age of the Baltoro granite, northwest Himalaya, and implications for monazite U-Pb systematics. Geology 17:1076–1079

    Google Scholar 

  • Passchier CW, Trouw RAJ (1998) Microtectonics. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton C, Hellstrom J, Paul B, Woodhead J, Hergt J (2011) Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. J Anal Atom Spectrom 26:2508–2518

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce JA, Harris NB, Tindle AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. J Petrol 25:956–983

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RJ, Parrish RR, Searle MP (2004) Age constraints on ductile deformation and long-term slip rates along the Karakoram fault zone, Ladakh. Earth Planet Sci Lett 226:305–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips RJ, Searle MP (2007) Macrostructural and microstructural architecture of the Karakoram Fault: Relationship between magmatism and strike-slip faulting. Tectonics 26. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC001946

  • Phillips RJ, Searle MP, Parrish RR (2013) The geochemical and temporal evolution of the continental lithosphere and its relationship to continental-scale faulting: The Karakoram Fault, eastern Karakoram, NW Himalayas. Geochem Geophys 14:583–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Pundir S, Adlakha V, Kumar S, Singhal S (2020) Closure of India–Asia collision margin along the Shyok Suture Zone in the eastern Karakoram: new geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological observations. Geol Mag. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756819001547 (In press)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao DR, Daga MM (2015) Felsic granites vis-à-vis leucosomes from the Shyok–Darbuk section of the Shyok Suture Zone, eastern Ladakh, India: a geochemical study. Curr Sci 108:198–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt H, Weinberg RF, Andersson UB, Fanning CM (2010) Hybridization of granitic magmas in the source: the origin of the Karakoram Batholith, Ladakh, NW India. Lithos 116(3–4):249–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolland Y, Pecher A, Picard C (2000) Middle Cretaceous back-arc formation and arc evolution along the Asian margin: the Shyok Suture Zone in northern Ladakh (NW Himalaya). Tectonophysics 325:145–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolland Y, Mahéo G, Pecher A, Villa IM (2009) Syn-kinematic emplacement of the Pangong metamorphic and magmatic complex along the Karakorum Fault (N Ladakh). J Asian Earth Sci 34:10–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowley DB (1996) Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data. Earth Planet Sci Lett 145:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubatto D, Gebauer D (1998) Use of cathodoluminescence for U-Pb zircon dating by ion microprobe (SHRIMP): some examples from high pressure rocks of the Western Alps. In: Pagel M, Barbin V, Blanc P et al (eds) Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 373–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubatto D, Gebauer D (2000) Use of cathodoluminescence for U-Pb zircon dating by ion microprobe: some examples from the Western Alps. Cathodoluminescence in geosciences. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 373–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Saini NK, Mukherjee PK, Rathi MS, Khanna PP, Purohit KK (1998) A new geochemical reference sample of granite (DG-H) from Dalhousie, Himachal Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 52:603–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Schärer U, Xu RH, Allègre CJ (1984) UPb geochronology of Gangdese (Transhimalaya) plutonism in the Lhasa-Xigaze region, Tibet. Earth Planet Sci Lett 69:311–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Schärer U, Copeland P, Harrison TM, SEARLE MP (1990) Age, cooling history, and origin of post-collisional leucogranites in the Karakoram Batholith; a multi-system isotope study. J Geol 98(2):233–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle MP, Windley BF, Coward MP, Cooper DJ, Rex AJ, Rex D, Tingdong L, Xuchang X, Jan MQ, Thakur VC, Kumar S (1987) The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya. Geol Soc Am Bull 98(6):678–701

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle MP, Weinberg RF, Dunlap WJ (1998) Transpressional tectonics along the Karakoram fault zone, northern Ladakh: constraints on Tibetan extrusion. J Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 135:307–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle MP, Phillips RJ (2007) Relationships between right-lateral shear along the Karakoram fault and metamorphism, magmatism, exhumation and uplift: evidence from the K2–Gasherbrum–Pangong ranges, north Pakistan and Ladakh. J Geol Soc 164:439–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle MP, Parrish RR, Thow AV, Noble SR, Phillips RJ, Waters DJ (2010) Anatomy, age and evolution of a collisional mountain belt: the Baltoro granite batholith and Karakoram Metamorphic Complex, Pakistani Karakoram. J Geol Soc 167:183–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen K, Collins AS (2013) Dextral transpression and late Eocene magmatism in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh Batholith (North India): implications for tectono-magmatic evolution of the Indo-Eurasian collisional arc. Int J Earth Sci 102:1895–1909

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen K, Mukherjee BK, Collins AS (2014) Interplay of deformation and magmatism in the Pangong Transpression Zone, eastern Ladakh, India: Implications for remobilization of the trans-Himalayan magmatic arc and initiation of the Karakoram Fault. J Struct Geol 62:13–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen K, Adlakha V, Singhal S, Chaudhury R (2017) Migmatization and intrusion of “S-type” granites in the trans‐Himalayan Ladakh Magmatic Arc of north India and their bearing on Indo‐Eurasian collisional tectonics. Geol J 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2973

  • Shand SJ (1947) The Eruptive Rocks, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, p 444

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Kumar R, Barley ME, Jain AK (2007) SHRIMP U–Pb ages and depth of emplacement of Ladakh batholith, Eastern Ladakh, India. J Asian Earth Sci 30:490–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Sláma J, Košler J, Condon DJ, Crowley JL, Gerdes A, Hanchar JM, Horstwood MS, Morris GA, Nasdala L, Norberg N, Schaltegger U (2008) Plešovice zircon—a new natural reference material for U–Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chem Geol 249:1–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Speer JA (1987) Evolution of magmatic AFM mineral assemblages in granitoid rocks: the hornblende + melt = biotite reaction in the Liberty Hill pluton, South Carolina. Am Mineral (United States), 72

  • Srimal N (1986) Geology and oxygen, strontium and UAr/TZAr isotopic study of India-Asia collision in the Ladakh and Karakoram Himalaya, northwest India. Rochester Univ, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stipp M, StuÈnitz H, Heilbronner R, Schmid SM (2002) The eastern Tonale fault zone: a ‘natural laboratory’for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700 C. J Struct Geol 24(12):1861–1884

    Google Scholar 

  • Streckeisen A (1976) To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth Sci Rev 12(1):1–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapponnier P, Peltzer G, Armijo R (1986) On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia. J Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 19:113–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapponnier P, Zhiqin X, Roger F, Meyer B, Arnaud N, Wittlinger G, Jingsui Y (2001) Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau. Science 294:1671–1677

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985) The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford (312)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thanh NX, Rajesh VJ, Itaya T, Windley B, Kwon S, Park CS (2012) A Cretaceous forearc ophiolite in the Shyok suture zone, Ladakh, NW India: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Northwest Himalaya. Lithos 155:81–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Upadhyay R (2008) Implication of U–Pb zircon age of the Tirit granitoids on the closure of the Shyok Suture Zone, northern Ladakh, India. Curr Sci 94:1635–1640

    Google Scholar 

  • Valli F, Leloup PH, Paquette JL, Arnaud N, Li H, Tapponnier P, Lacassin R, Guillot S, Liu D, Deloule E, Xu Z (2008) New U-Th/Pb constraints on timing of shearing and long‐term slip‐rate on the Karakorum fault. Tectonics, 27(5)

  • Van Buer NJ, Jagoutz O, Upadhyay R, Guillong M (2015) Mid-crustal detachment beneath western Tibet exhumed where conjugate Karakoram and Longmu–Gozha Co faults intersect. Earth Planet Sci Lett 413:144–157

    Google Scholar 

  • van Hinsbergen D, Lippert PC, Dupont-Nivet G, McQuarrie N, Doubrovine PV, Spakmani W, Torsvik TH (2012) Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two‐stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109:7659–7664

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallis D, Phillips RJ, Lloyd GE (2014) Evolution of the Eastern Karakoram Metamorphic Complex, Ladakh, NW India, and its relationship to magmatism and regional tectonics. Tectonophysics 626:41–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Wang C, Phillips RJ, Murphy MA, Fang X, Yue Y (2012) Displacement along the Karakoram fault, NW Himalaya, estimated from LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of offset geologic markers. Earth Planet Sci Lett 337:156–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg RF, Dunlap WJ (2000) Growth and deformation of the Ladakh Batholith, Northwest Himalayas: implications for timing of continental collision and origin of calc-alkaline batholiths. J Geol 108:303–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg RF, Dunlap WJ, Whitehouse M (2000) New field, structural and geochronological data from the Shyok and Nubra valleys, northern Ladakh: linking Kohistan to Tibet. J Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 170:253–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg RF, Mark G (2008) Magma migration, folding, and disaggregation of migmatites in the Karakoram Shear Zone, Ladakh, NW India. Geol Soc Am Bull 120:994–1009

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg RF, Searle MP (1998) The Pangong Injection Complex, Indian Karakoram: a case of pervasive granite flow through hot viscous crust. J Geol Soc 155:883–891

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen DR, Liu DY, Chung SL, Chu MF, Ji JQ, Zhang Q, Song B, Lee TY, Yeh MW, Lo CH (2008) Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages of the Gangdese batholith and implications for Neotethyan subduction in southern Tibet. Chem Geol 252:191–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitney DL, Evans BW (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. Am Mineral 95:185–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiedenbeck MAPC, Alle P, Corfu F, Griffin WL, Meier M, Oberli FV, Quadt AV, Roddick JC, Spiegel W (1995) Three natural zircon standards for U-Th‐Pb, Lu‐Hf, trace element and REE analyses. ‎Geostand Geoanal Res 19:1–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Zheng Y (2004) Genesis of zircon and its constraints on interpretation of U–Pb age. Chin Sci Bull 49:1554–1569

    Google Scholar 

  • Yavuz F, Öztaş T (1997) BIOTERM—A program for evaluating and plotting microprobe analyses of biotite from barren and mineralized magmatic suites. Comput Geosci 23:897–907

    Google Scholar 

  • Yavuz F (1999) A revised program for microprobe-derived amphibole analyses using the IMA rules. Comput Geosci 25:909–927

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuguchi T, Sasao E, Ishibashi M, Nishiyama T (2015) Hydrothermal chloritization processes from biotite in the Toki granite, Central Japan: Temporal variations of of the compositions of hydrothermal fluids associated with chloritization. Am Miner 100:1134–1152

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZM, Dong X, Santosh M, Zhao GC (2014) Metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane, Central Tibet. Gondwana Res 25(1):170–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu DC, Wang Q, Zhao ZD, Chung SL, Cawood PA, Niu Y, Liu SA, Wu FY, Mo XX (2015) Magmatic record of India-Asia collision. Sci Rep 5:14289

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Anil Gupta (former director) and Kalachand Sain (director), Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, are thanked for motivation and generous supports during the research work. Manoranjan Mohanty and Rajwant, Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, are thanked for their continuous encouragement. Pulok Kumar Mukherjee and Athokpam Krishnakanta Singh are thanked for scientific discussions. We thank Ramesh Chandra Patel and Nand Lal (National Facility for Low-Temperature Thermochronology, Kurukshetra University) for providing access to their lab for zircon mounts polishing. Naresh Kumar Juyal helped during CL imaging, and Chandra Shekhar helped while ICPMS and XRF analyses. Satyajeet Singh Thakur is thanked for help during EPMA. Chhutapa Phuntsog Dorjay, Skalzang Namgyal, and Thinless Gyachho are thanked for field assistance. Gajender Kumar, Saurabh Gupta, and Kapil S. Panwar are especially thanked for the help rendered during the preparation of the manuscript. The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is highly acknowledged for help during fieldwork in the border area of the Ladakh region. Constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers, associate editor Qiuli Li and chief editor Lutz Nasdala, helped to improve the manuscript. This work was supported by Science and Engineering Research Board grant EMR/2014/000555 awarded to Vikas Adlakha.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Structure and Tectonics Group, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India

    Shailendra Pundir, Vikas Adlakha & Koushik Sen

  2. Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Geology, Kumaun University, 263001, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

    Santosh Kumar

  3. Petrology and Geochemistry Group, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India

    Saurabh Singhal

Authors
  1. Shailendra Pundir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vikas Adlakha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Santosh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Saurabh Singhal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Koushik Sen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vikas Adlakha.

Additional information

Editorial handling: Q. Li

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(PDF 4438 kb)

ESM 2

(PDF 557 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pundir, S., Adlakha, V., Kumar, S. et al. Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of granites and granite gneisses in the SE Karakoram, India: Record of subduction-related and pre- to syn-kinematic magmatism in the Karakoram Fault Zone. Miner Petrol 114, 413–434 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-020-00706-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-020-00706-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation