Abstract
Context
Green infrastructure (GI) has become an integral part of the process leading toward urban sustainability because it provides multiple ecosystem services that contribute to urban ecosystems and human health. Planners and managers have therefore attempted to understand and improve GI multifunctionality.
Objectives
This study has characterized and mapped GI multifunctionality in the Fengtai District of Beijing based on the ecosystem services (ES) perspective and has developed an adaptive model to improve its multifunctionality. The study has aimed to: (1) assess and map GI multifunctional degree, (2) characterize GI multifunctional types, and (3) propose adaptive solutions based on characterization of GI multifunctional types.
Methods
Biophysical models and social questionnaires were used to quantify and map ES, ES hotspots, and ES bundles to identify the degree of multifunctionality and characterize GI multifunctional types. An adaptive model was designed to improve GI multifunctionality for local planning and design practice.
Results
Three GI multifunctional degrees were mapped, and areas with high multifunctional degree were found to account for only 5.55% of the study area. Seven GI multifunctional types were identified by the distinct heterogeneity of their compositions and function sets. These types of GI also implied different improvement strategies for GI planning and design practice. The adaptive model offers integrated solutions for preserving, restoring, and embedding levels that correspond to the characterization of GI multifunctional types.
Conclusions
The ES-based framework proposed in this paper integrates multifunctionality analyses and can be helpful to urban planners and designers in adaptive GI planning.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams WM (2014) The value of valuing nature. Science 346:549–551
Ahern J (2011) From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landsc Urban Plan 100:341–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.021
Ahern J (2013) Urban landscape sustainability and resilience: the promise and challenges of integrating ecology with urban planning and design. Landsc Ecol 28:1203–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9799-z
Anselin L (1995) Local Indicators of Spatial Association-LISA. Geogr Anal 2:93–115
Artmann M, Bastian O, Grunewald K (2017) Using the concepts of green infrastructure and ecosystem services to specify Leitbilder for compact and green cities—the example of the landscape plan of Dresden (Germany). Sustainability (Basel) 9:198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020198
Baek S, Choi D, Jung J, Lee H, Lee H, Yoon K, Cho KH (2015) Optimizing low impact development (LID) for stormwater runoff treatment in urban area, Korea: Experimental and modeling approach. Water Res 86:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.038
Baró F, Haase D, Gómez-Baggethun E, Frantzeskaki N (2015) Mismatches between ecosystem services supply and demand in urban areas: a quantitative assessment in five European cities. Ecol Indic 55:146–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.03.013
Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics (2019) Statistical Yearbook of Fengtai District (2015, 2016, 2017), Beijing. Available from: bjft.gov.cn/ftq/2015zhh/list.shtml (in Chinese)
Benedict MA, McMahon ET (2002) Green infrastructure: smart conservation for the 21st century. Renew Resour J 3:12–17
Boyd J, Banzhaf S (2007) What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units. Ecol Econ 63:616–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.002
Bryan BA, Raymond CM, Crossman ND, Macdonald DH (2010) Targeting the management of ecosystem services based on social values: where, what, and how? Landsc Urban Plan 97:111–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.002
Cameron RWF, Blanuša T, Taylor JE, Salisbury A, Halstead AJ, Henricot B, Thompson K (2012) The domestic garden—its contribution to urban green infrastructure. Urban Urban Green 11:129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.01.002
Cardinale BJ et al (2012) Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11148
Casado-Arzuaga I, Madariaga I, Onaindia M (2013) Perception, demand and user contribution to ecosystem services in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt. J Environ Manag 129:33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.059
Chang Q, Liu X, Wu J, He P (2015) MSPA-based urban green infrastructure planning and management approach for urban sustainability: case study of Longgang in China. J Urban Plan Dev. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000247
Diaz S, Quetier F, Trainor SF, Caceres DM (2011) Reply to Romero and Agrawal: unpacking the specific links between biodiversity, ecosystem services, and social diversity is an essential first step. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:E197. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1104742108
Dietz ME (2007) Low impact development practices: a review of current research and recommendations for future directions. Water Air Soil Pollut 186:351–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9484-z
Ernstson H (2013) The social production of ecosystem services: a framework for studying environmental justice and ecological complexity in urbanized landscapes. Landsc Urban Plan 109:7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.10.005
Fagerholm N, Käyhkö N, Ndumbaro F, Khamis M (2012) Community stakeholders’ knowledge in landscape assessments—mapping indicators for landscape services. Ecol Indic 18:421–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.12.004
Gong L, Mao B, Qi Y, Xu C (2015) A satisfaction analysis of the infrastructure of country parks in Beijing. Urban Urban Green 14:480–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.04.013
Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewski NE, Redman CL, Wu J, Bai X, Briggs JM (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319:756–760. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150195
Haase D, Schwarz N, Strohbach M, Kroll F, Seppelt R (2012) Synergies, trade-offs, and losses of ecosystem services in urban regions: an integrated multiscale framework applied to the Leipzig-Halle Region, Germany. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04853-170322
Hansen MH, Li H, Svarverud R (2018) Ecological civilization: Interpreting the Chinese past, projecting the global future. Glob Environ Chang 53:195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.09.014
Hansen R, Olafsson AS, van der Jagt APN, Rall E, Pauleit S (2019) Planning multifunctional green infrastructure for compact cities: what is the state of practice? Ecol Indic 96:99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.042
Hansen R, Pauleit S (2014) From multifunctionality to multiple ecosystem services? A conceptual framework for multifunctionality in green infrastructure planning for urban areas. Ambio 43:516–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0510-2
Herzog CP (2016) A multifunctional green infrastructure design to protect and improve native biodiversity in Rio de Janeiro. Landsc Ecol Eng 12:141–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-013-0233-8
Hoerbinger S, Immitzer M, Obriejetan M, Rauch HP (2018) GIS-based assessment of ecosystem service demand concerning green infrastructure line-side vegetation. Ecol Eng 121:114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.06.030
Lalor GC, Zhang C (2001) Multivariate outlier detection and remediation in geochemical databases. Sci Total Environ 281:99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00839-7
Liu Z, Lin Y, De Meulder B, Wang S (2019) Can greenways perform as a new planning strategy in the Pearl River Delta, China. Landsc Urban Plan. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.03.012
Lovell ST, Taylor JR (2013) Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States. Landsc Ecol 28:1447–1463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9912-y
Malinga R, Gordon LJ, Jewitt G, Lindborg R (2015) Mapping ecosystem services across scales and continents—a review. Ecosyst Serv 13:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.01.006
Manchester City Council (2015) Draft Manchester Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy. Neighborhoods Scrutiny Committee, Manchester
Marsboom C, Vrebos D, Staes J, Meire P (2018) Using dimension reduction PCA to identify ecosystem service bundles. Ecol Indic 87:209–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.049
Meerow S (2020) The politics of multifunctional green infrastructure planning in New York City. Cities 100:102621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102621
Meerow S, Newell JP (2017) Spatial planning for multifunctional green infrastructure: growing resilience in Detroit. Landsc Urban Plan 159:62–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.10.005
Mell IC (2009) Can green infrastructure promote urban sustainability? Eng Sustain 162:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2009.162.1.23
Mell IC, Henneberry J, Hehl-Lange S, Keskin B (2013) Promoting urban greening: Valuing the development of green infrastructure investments in the urban core of Manchester, UK. Urban Urban Green 12:296–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.04.006
Mexia T et al (2018) Ecosystem services: urban parks under a magnifying glass. Environ Res 160:469–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.023
Miyawaki A (1998) Restoration of urban green environments based on the theories of vegetation ecology. Ecol Eng 11:157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00033-0
Nassauer JI, Opdam P (2008) Design in science: extending the landscape ecology paradigm. Landsc Ecol 23:633–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-008-9226-7
Nelson E et al (2009) Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Front Ecol Environ 7:4–11. https://doi.org/10.1890/080023
Ni S, Ma C, Yang H, Zhang Y (2018) Spatial distribution and susceptibility analysis of avalanche, landslide and debris flow in Beijing mountain region. J Beijing For Univ 40:81–91 (in Chinese)
Opdam P, Luque S, Nassauer J, Verburg PH, Wu J (2018) How can landscape ecology contribute to sustainability science? Landsc Ecol 33:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0610-7
Opdam P, Steingröver E, Rooij SV (2006) Ecological networks: a spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes. Landsc Urban Plan 75:322–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.015
Peng J, Chen X, Liu Y, Lü H, Hu X (2016) Spatial identification of multifunctional landscapes and associated influencing factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. Appl Geogr 74:170–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.07.007
Peng J, Liu Y, Liu Z, Yang Y (2017) Mapping spatial non-stationarity of human-natural factors associated with agricultural landscape multifunctionality in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 246:221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.06.007
Peng J, Hu X, Qiu S, Hu Y, Meersmans J, Liu Y (2019) Multifunctional landscapes identification and associated development zoning in mountainous area. Sci Total Environ 660:765–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.023
People’s Government of Beijing Municipality (2019) Government Work Report, Beijing. Available from: beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengcefagui/201905/t20190522_61777.html (in Chinese)
People’s Government of Beijing Municipality (2017) Territory Development Plan of Fengtai (2017–2035), Beijing. Available from: bjft.gov.cn/so/s?qt=2035&siteCode=1101060001 (in Chinese)
Plieninger T, Dijks S, Oteros-Rozas E, Bieling C (2013) Assessing, mapping, and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at community level. Land Use Policy 33:118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.12.013
Pulighe G, Fava F, Lupia F (2016) Insights and opportunities from mapping ecosystem services of urban green spaces and potentials in planning. Ecosyst Serv 22:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.004
Qiu J, Turner MG (2013) Spatial interactions among ecosystem services in an urbanizing agricultural watershed. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:12149–12154. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310539110
Quintas-Soriano C, Castro AJ, García-Llorente M, Cabello J, Castro H (2014) From supply to social demand: a landscape-scale analysis of the water regulation service. Landsc Ecol 29:1069–1082
Raudsepp-Hearne C, Peterson GD, Bennett EM (2010) Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:5242–5247. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907284107
Raymond CM, Bryan BA, MacDonald DH, Cast A, Strathearn S, Grandgirard A, Kalivas T (2009) Mapping community values for natural capital and ecosystem services. Ecol Econ 68:1301–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.12.006
Rottle ND (2006) Factors in the landscape-based greenway: a Mountains to Sound case study. Landsc Urban Plan 76:134–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.039
Ryan RL (2011) The social landscape of planning: Integrating social and perceptual research with spatial planning information. Landsc Urban Plan 100:361–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.01.015
Schäffler A, Swilling M (2013) Valuing green infrastructure in an urban environment under pressure—the Johannesburg case. Ecol Econ 86:246–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.05.008
Sun Y, Zhou X, Zheng G, Li J, Shi H, Guo Z, Du J (2017) Carbon monoxide degassing from seismic fault zones in the Basin and Range province, west of Beijing, China. J Asian Earth Sci 149:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.07.054
Sussams LW, Sheate WR, Eales RP (2015) Green infrastructure as a climate change adaptation policy intervention: muddying the waters or clearing a path to a more secure future? J Environ Manag 147:184–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.09.003
Tzoulas K, Korpela K, Venn S, Yli-Pelkonen V, Kaźmierczak A, Niemela J, James P (2007) Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: a literature review. Landsc Urban Plan 81:167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001
Vannier C et al (2019) Mapping ecosystem services bundles in a heterogeneous mountain region. Ecosyst People 15:74–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2019.1570971
Wang Z (2018) Evolving landscape-urbanization relationships in contemporary China. Landsc Urban Plan 171:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.11.010
Wang Z, Tan PY, Zhang T, Nassauer JI (2014) Perspectives on narrowing the action gap between landscape science and metropolitan governance: practice in the US and China. Landsc Urban Plan 125:329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.024
Weber T, Sloan A, Wolf J (2006) Maryland's Green Infrastructure Assessment: development of a comprehensive approach to land conservation. Landsc Urban Plan 77:94–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.002
Wu J (2019) Linking landscape, land system and design approaches to achieve sustainability. J Land Use Sci. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2019.1602677
Wu K, Fang C, Zhao M, Chen C (2013) The intercity space of flow influenced by high-speed rail: a case study for the rail transit passenger behavior between Beijing and Tianjin. Acta Geogr Sin 68:159–174 (in Chinese)
Wu J, Feng Z, Gao Y, Peng J (2013) Hotspot and relationship identification in multiple landscape services: a case study on an area with intensive human activities. Ecol Indic 29:529–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.037
Yang J, Zhou J (2007) The failure and success of greenbelt program in Beijing. Urban Urban Green 6:287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2007.02.001
Yu Z, Liu X, Zhang J, Xu D, Cao S (2018) Evaluating the net value of ecosystem services to support ecological engineering: framework and a case study of the Beijing Plains afforestation project. Ecol Eng 112:148–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.12.017
Zhao X (2014) Beijing Birds Illustrations. Beijing Normal University Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Zhou C (2010) Common animal illustrations in the wild. Higher Education Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by YW and QC. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YW, QC and PF. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Chang, Q. & Fan, P. A framework to integrate multifunctionality analyses into green infrastructure planning. Landscape Ecol 36, 1951–1969 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01058-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01058-w