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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter January 9, 2020

A comprehensive study on the bacterial biosorption of heavy metals: materials, performances, mechanisms, and mathematical modellings

  • Mahendra Aryal

    Mahendra Aryal is presently working at Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University. He received his MSc degree from Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University. He obtained his doctoral degree from Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. He has published several research articles in ISI-ranked journals, and attended national and international conferences along with international proceedings. His research interests include bioremediation, solid waste management and utilisation, and environmental biotechnology.

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Abstract

Discharges of waste containing heavy metals (HMs) have been a challenging problem for years because of their adverse effects in the environment. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent findings on bacterial biosorption and their performances for sequestration of HMs. It highlights the significance of HM removal and presents a brief overview on bacterial functionality and biosorption technology. It also discusses the achievements towards utilisation of bacterial biomass with biosorption of HMs from aqueous solutions. This article includes different types of kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic models used for HM treatments using different bacterial species, as well as biosorption mechanisms along with desorption of metal ions and regeneration of bacterial biosorbents. Its fast kinetics of metal biosorption and desorption, low operational cost, and no production of toxic by-products provide attraction to many researchers. Bacteria can easily be produced using inexpensive growth media or obtained as a by-product from industries. A systematic comparison of the literature for a metal-binding capacity of bacterial biomass under different conditions is provided here. The properties of the cell wall constituents such as peptidoglycan and the role of functional groups for metal sorption are presented on the basis of their biosorption potential. Many bacterial biosorbents as reported in scientific literature have a high biosorption capacity, where some are better than commercial adsorbents. Based on the reported results, it seems that most bacteria have the potential for industrial applications for detoxification of HMs.

About the author

Mahendra Aryal

Mahendra Aryal is presently working at Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University. He received his MSc degree from Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University. He obtained his doctoral degree from Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. He has published several research articles in ISI-ranked journals, and attended national and international conferences along with international proceedings. His research interests include bioremediation, solid waste management and utilisation, and environmental biotechnology.

Nomenclature

α

Initial sorption rate constant of Elovich model (mg/g·min)

β

Extent of surface coverage and activation energy of Elovich model (g/min)

βDR

Adsorption energy of the D-R model (kJ2/mol2)

βm

Mass transfer coefficient

ρapp

Apparent density of the sorbent (g/m3)

θ

Fraction of surface sites (θ=Qt/Qe)

θH

Degree of surface coverage fraction (1−Ce/Co)

ε

Dubinin-Radushkeich isotherm constant

A

Frequency factor (mg/g·min)

aR

R-P isotherm constant (l/mg)

aS

Sips isotherm constant (l/mg)

aT

Temkin constant for maximum binding energy (l/mol)

at

Toth isotherm constant (l/mg)

Bc

Boyd’s constant

B

Constant relating to the energy of interaction with the surface

b

Langmuir biomass-metal binding affinity (l/mg)

bR

R-P isotherm constant of proportional to the liquid molar volume

bT

Temkin heat of adsorption (kJ/mol)

C

Intercept of slope of intraparticle diffusion model

CD,i

Metal concentration after desorption in the cycle i (mg/l)

Ce

Metal concentration at equilibrium (mg/l)

Ceq,i

Equilibrium concentrations of sorbate i (mg/l)

Ceq,j

Equilibrium concentrations of sorbate j (mg/l)

Ce,m

Equilibrium metal concentration in solution (mol/l)

Co

Initial metal concentration (mg/l)

Co,m

Initial metal concentration in solution (mol/l)

Co,i

Inlet metal concentration (mg/l)

Cs

Saturation constant of the solute (mg/l)

CS,i

Metal concentration in solution after sorption in cycle i (mg/l)

Ct,o

Outlet metal concentration at t (mg/l)

dp

Particle size diameter (m)

E

Mean free energy of adsorption (kJ/mol)

Ea

Activation energy (kJ/mol)

F

Boyd fractional attainment of equilibrium

ΔGo

Standard Gibbs free energy change (kJ/mol)

h

Initial sorption rate of pseudo second-order reaction (mg/g·min)

ΔHo

Change in heat of adsorption (kJ/mol)

ΔHr

Isosteric heat of adsorption (kJ/mol)

t

Time or contact time

NA

Not available

kid

Initial rate of the intraparticle diffusion(mg/g min0.5)

KL

Separation or equilibrium parameter (dimensionless)

Kf

Freundlich constant for adsorption capacity

k1H

Constant for interactions of adsorbate-adsorbate in solid phase

k2H

Constant for adsorbate-adsorbent at the liquid-solid interface (mg/l)

koL

Zero order rate constant of L-H model (L/mol) that represents the initial sorption rate

k1L

First-order rate constant of L-H model after sorption reaches its maximum (min−1)

KR

R-P isotherm constant (l/g)

Kt

Toth isotherm constant

kTh

Thomas model constant (ml/min·mg)

k1

Rate constant of pseudo first-order sorption (l/min)

kr

Rate constant of the Ritchie model (min−1)

k2

Rate constant of pseudo second-order sorption (g/mg·min)

k2S

Sobkowsk and Czerwinski second-order rate constant (min−1)

Mi

Amount of metal remaining on biomass after i number of cycles (mg)

N

Total number of data points

nf

Constant for adsorption intensity or heterogeneity factor

nS

Sips isotherm exponent

nt

Toth isotherm constant

p

Number of parameters

Q

Number of moles of metal adsorbed per unit adsorbent (mol/g)

Qr

Flow rate (ml/min)

Qe

Amount of metal sorbed by the biomass at equilibrium (mg/g)

Qe,m

Equilibrium uptake capacity obtained from mathematical model (mg/g)

QL,i

Adsorption capacity at equilibrium for sorbate i (mg/g)

Qm

Maximum adsorption capacity (mol/g)

Qmax

Maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g)

Qt

Adsorption capacity at any time (mg/g)

rM

Reaction rate of L-H model (mol/l·min)

R

Universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol/K)

R2

Correlation coefficient

S

Surface area of biomass per unit solution volume

Sp

Specific surface area of biomass

ΔSo

Entropy change

T

Temperature in Kelvin (K)

V

Initial volume of metal solution (l)

Vsol

Solution volume (m3)

W

Mass of biomass as biosorbent (g)

S/L

Solid to liquid ratio

X

Biomass concentration

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Received: 2019-03-16
Accepted: 2019-10-09
Published Online: 2020-01-09
Published in Print: 2021-08-26

©2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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