Elsevier

Physical Communication

Volume 42, October 2020, 101152
Physical Communication

Full length article
Energy aware resource allocation and complexity reduction approach for cognitive radio networks using game theory

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2020.101152Get rights and content

Abstract

Nowadays, the demand for mobile wireless communication systems has increased drastically due to its significant use for various real-time applications. This increased demand for communication causes heavy utilization of the radio spectrum to improve ubiquitous computing services. However, systems providing high-speed communication fail to achieve the desired performance due to unsystematic spectrum utilization and resources. The problem addressed by Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) architecture has attracted research and industrial community to enhance the real-time communication systems. Although CRN based real-time communication systems suffer from resource allocation, spectrum sensing, and power consumption issues. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for resource allocation and sharing based on cooperative game theory, and cooperative node selection ensures maximized payoff. The proposed method optimizes the overhead, energy consumption, and resource utilization. Further, energy consumption and resource allocation issues transformed into an optimization problem. A backtracking search algorithm is applied to reduce the computation complexity and to find the optimal solution for resource utilization. The simulation result obtained achieves better performance compared to the existing energy-aware scheduling approach in CRN.

Introduction

The recent advancement in wireless communication and mobile devices has gained massive attraction from the research community due to their unmatched performance of providing the desired communication quality in wireless communication systems [1]. Owing to this proliferation in communication systems enable users demand for ubiquitous mobile communication services. This increased growth of wireless communication boosts the utilization of the radio spectrum for improving communication performance [2]. Efficient spectrum management plays an essential role in wireless connection. However, the data traffic and demand of wireless application is increasing rapidly although natural frequency spectrum fails to provide efficient methods to manage spectrum for frequency allocation [3]. Hence, there is an obligation to develop a contemporary scheme beneficial for available spectrum management. Cognitive Radio designed as a promising solution for spectrum management and generally, CR based network users classified into two main categories as Primary Users (PU) and Secondary Users (SU). In these networks, Primary Users equipped with the licensed spectrum bands and Secondary Users used for sensing the unused available spectrum. The remaining spectrum is shared with the other users to boost the spectrum utilization process. A sample network architecture illustrated in Fig. 1 where licensed user base station, receiver, and unlicensed base stations presented. The deployment of Cognitive Radio technology in the form of the network is known as Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) where multiple CR devices used for network formation. These CR devices contain several aspects which help Secondary User to provide the opportunistic and dynamic access to the available spectrum holes. These aspects described as:

  • 1.

    Spectrum Sensing: According to the functionality of CR devices, any available spectrum holes are detected and analyzed. Moreover, this technique detects the arrival of Primary User.

  • 2.

    Spectrum Decision: Its function helps to select the best available spectrum from the available list of spectrum bands.

  • 3.

    Spectrum Sharing: Once the available spectrum is detected, spectrum sharing performed where various Secondary Users can access the identified spectrum holes.

However, accessing the same spectrum band by multiple Secondary Users may lead to collision and interference. The efficient spectrum sharing approach can be helpful to minimize the risk of contention and collision [4].

The ever-growing data traffic in wireless networks results directly increases energy consumption. Consider telecommunication data capacity increases about an order of 10 for every 5 years, which directly affects energy consumption approximately 16–20 percent per year [5]. Particularly, a certain class of multi-hop wireless networks battery-operated and limited with energy for each node. Hence, energy cost and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission increases sharply. CR technology want to be adopted widely in several future real-time computing systems [6], [7]. Especially in these networks, radio spectrum access suffers from critical challenges such as increased design complexity for different communication layers. Moreover, designing and development of routing protocols is also considered as a challenging issue for these systems because these networks are intelligent and self-configuring [8]. It poses several routing challenges, unlike the conventional wireless networks and spectrum availability depends on the primary communication nodes. In CR network architecture, energy-aware routing and resource allocation play an essential role in improving the communication system. Hence, resource allocation routing and resource sharing schemes need to be incorporated to mitigate the performance issues.

Recent studies have shown that energy consumption is an important aspect for improving the ad-hoc CR networks which also focuses on the end-to-end delays in the transmission [9]. The overall network lifetime performance depends on the various characteristics of transmission [10]. The transmission takes place from source to destination node using routing protocol [11]. Based on this assumption, traffic-aware node behavior and end-to-end path identification schemes investigated [12]. In [10] Sleep-proxy node schemes evaluated, which considers the activity duration of each node and the capacity of each node estimated by computing energy consumption in the given time frame. This approach further enhanced in [9], where traffic modeling and traffic volume characteristics analyzed in a given specific time window based on the backward traffic difference estimation. This scheme mainly focuses on the energy consumption minimization and considers the traffic volume and backward difference extraction where node sleeps activities are assigned.

The main aim of this paper is to boost the performance of delay-tolerant network-based communication strategies. Peng et al. [13] developed a novel scheduling approach using multi-hop cognitive radio networks. The existing approach mainly developed to minimize energy consumption with the help of cognitive Radio. This approach mainly works when enough spectrum is available and uses a static transmission strategy. Moreover, this technique contains complete information about spectrum availability and data arrival information. The performance of this approach further improved for the communication scenario where spectrum availability is less and uses dynamic scheduling.

The main contributions of our work is as follows:

  • (i)

    To develop theoretical framework for a multi-hop cognitive radio networks.

  • (ii)

    Proposed a game theoretic approach for spectrum sensing and allocation

  • (iii)

    Implementation of backtracking search algorithm for complexity reduction and optimal solution identification for power consumption minimization.

Rest of this article organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the recent techniques in the field of Cognitive Radio Networks, Section 3 presents the background theory of energy-aware scheduling work and preliminaries. Section 4 presents the proposed Game-theoretic and backtracking search optimization solution for resource allocation and complexity reduction. A simulation study using the proposed approach conferred in Section 5 and finally, concluding observations are given in Section 6.

Section snippets

Related work

This section presents a brief discussion about Cognitive Radio based communication schemes. Here we study several techniques of energy management, resource allocation, utilization, and performance enhancement of Cognitive Radio communications. Cognitive Radio Networks adopted in different types of networks such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In [14] Yadav et al. designed Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSN) by combining sensor network and spectrum sensing technology. WSNs suffer from the

Background

The demand for wireless communication is increasing rapidly, which urges for efficient spectrum utilization for improving the overall communication performance. In wireless communication, the CR has gained huge attraction from the research and industrial community due to their spectrum sensing and cooperative communication. However, due to increasing communication demand, spectrum availability and efficient utilization become a challenging task. On the other hand, if enough spectrum is

System architecture

In Section 2, we have discussed several approaches for improving the resource optimization that helps to improve network performance. This task has gained huge attraction in the Cognitive Radio field for cellular and ad-hoc networks. However, the conventional techniques of spectrum/resource utilization fail to achieve the desired performance because these techniques consider that the Secondary Users furnished with the CRs. It can perform tasks such as RF reconfiguration, frequency switching,

Performance evaluation

In this section, we conduct a simulation using the proposed approach for multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach and studies the impact of control parameter V on the performance of the system. The proposed approach implemented using MATLAB simulation tool running on windows platform. In this simulation, we have considered that a total of 10 number of relay stations are deployed randomly in the area of 800×800m2 area. The communication session

Conclusions

In this work, we have focused on the performance enhancement of CRN for better real-time communication systems. Particularly in wireless cellular networks, accurate spectrum sensing, and spectrum utilization considered as a challenging issue. However, several techniques introduced to mitigate the issue of spectrum under-utilization. Moreover, energy consumption also becomes a tedious task in this field. We introduce a novel solution for spectrum sensing and allocation using a game theory-based

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment

We thank reviewers for providing their insightful comments to improve the paper.

Shyleshchandra Gudihatti K.N. is a full time Research Scholar in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. He obtained Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering from Mysore University. He obtained Masters degree in Computer Science & Engineering in B M S College, Bangalore from Visvesvaraya Technological University. His research interests are in the field of Cognitive Radio Network, Internet of Thing

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    Shyleshchandra Gudihatti K.N. is a full time Research Scholar in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. He obtained Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering from Mysore University. He obtained Masters degree in Computer Science & Engineering in B M S College, Bangalore from Visvesvaraya Technological University. His research interests are in the field of Cognitive Radio Network, Internet of Thing and Computer Network.

    Roopa M.S. is a full time Research Scholar in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, India. She received her Master’s degree in Information Technology from Bangalore University, India. Her research interests are in the field of Data Mining, Deep Learning, Social Internet of Things, and Computer Network.

    Tanuja R. is currently Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. She was awarded Ph.D in Computer Science from Bangalore University. Her research interests are in the field of Computer Networks and Security.

    S.H. Manjula is currently Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering. University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bengaluru. She obtained B.E., M.Tech., Ph.D in Computer Science & Engineering Chennai. Her research interests are in the field of wireless sensor Network, Data Mining and Computer Network.

    Venugopal K.R. is currently the Vice Chancellor, Bangalore University, Bangalore. He obtained his Bachelor of Engineering from University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering. He received his Masters degree in Computer Science and Automation from Indian Institute of Science Bangalore. He was awarded Ph.D in Economics from Bangalore University and Ph.D in Computer Science from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He has a distinguished academic career and has degrees in Electronics, Economics, Law, Business Finance, Public Relations, Communications, Industrial Relations, Computer Science and Journalism. He has authored and edited 64 books on Computer Science and Economics, which include Petrodollar and the World Economy, C Aptitude, Mastering C, Microprocessor Programming, Mastering C++ and Digital Circuits and Systems etc., He has filed 101 patents. During his three decades of service at UVCE he has over 640 research papers to his credit. His research interests include Computer Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks, Parallel and Distributed Systems, Digital Signal Processing and Data Mining. He is a Fellow of IEEE and ACM Distinguished Educator.

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