Abstract
Nickel oxide (NiO) thin films were grown on glass substrates by a simplified spray pyrolysis technique using perfume atomizer at different substrate temperatures which is the novelty of this work. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the cubic crystalline phase pure NiO film with preferential orientation along (2 0 0) plane. Thermal treatment of NiO thin films at 400 °C enables us to identify a suitable deposition temperature for obtaining good quality thin films. The average crystallite size calculated from Scherrer’s formula is found to be 28 nm. The closely packed and spherical shaped grains obtained were confirmed from field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). From FE-SEM analysis, the smooth nature of NiO thin films deposited at 400 °C enables it to use for solar cell applications, whereas the porous nature of NiO thin films deposited at 300 °C enables it to use for gas sensing applications. The mean square roughness increased with substrate temperature is confirmed from atomic force microscope analysis. The average transmittance of 75–85% demonstrates the compactness of the film except for the film N400, which is attributed to the defects. The energy band gap (Eg) is found to be 2.93, 3.63, 3.72, and 3.67 eV, respectively, for NiO thin film deposited at substrate temperature 300 °C, 350 °C, 400 °C, and 450 °C. The Raman peak at 1573 cm−1 corresponds to 2 M band antiferromagnetic state. The presence of defect states is identified from PL and EPR spectra.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. Yang, Q. Tao, X. Zhang, A. Tang, J. Ouyang, Solid-state synthesis and electrochemical property of SnO2/NiO nanomaterials. J. Alloy. Compd. 459, 98–102 (2008)
A.A. Al-Ghamdi, M. Sh Abdel-wahab, A.A. Farghali, P.M.Z. Hasan, Structural, optical and photo-catalytic activity of nanocrystalline NiO thin films. Mater. Res. Bull. 75, 71–77 (2016)
R. Kumar, C. Baratto, G. Faglia, G. Sberveglieri, E. Bontempi, L. Borgese, Tailoring the textured surface of porous nanostructured NiO thin films for the detection of pollutant gases. Thin Solid Films 583, 233–238 (2015)
R. Murugesan, S. Sivakumar, K. Karthik, P. Anandan, M. Haris, Structural, optical and magnetic behaviors of Fe/Mn-doped and co-doped CdS thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method. Appl. Phys. A 125, 281 (2019)
J. Mathiyan, D. Sivalingam, J.B. Gopalakrishnan, J.B.B. Rayappan, Spray coated nanostructured NiO thin films for ethanol sensing. J. Appl. Sci. 12, 1686–1690 (2012)
Muhammad Awais, Denis P. Dowling, Franco Decker, Danilo Dini, Electrochemical characterization of nanoporous nickel oxide thin films spray-deposited onto indium-doped tin oxide for solar conversion scopes. Adv. Condens. Matter Phys. 2, 1–18 (2015)
S.L. Che, K. Takada, K. Takashima, O. Sakurai, K. Shinozaki, N. Mizutani, Preparation of dense spherical Ni particles and hollow NiO particles by spray pyrolysis. J. Mater. Sci. 34, 1313–1318 (1999)
A.M. Soleimanpour, Y. Hou, A.H. Jayatissa, Evolution of hydrogen gas sensing properties of sol-gel derived nickel oxide thin film. Sens. Actuators B 182, 125–133 (2013)
Said Benramache, Mansour Aouassa, Preparation and characterization of p-type semiconducting NiO thin films deposited by sol-gel technique. J. Chem. Mater. Res. 5, 119–122 (2016)
H.Q. Dai, Y.N. Zhou, Q. Sun, F. Lu, Z.W. Fu, Enhanced electrochemical properties of NiO NiS nanocomposite thin film. Electrochim. Acta 76, 145–151 (2012)
I. Fasaki, A. Giannoudakos, M. Stamataki, M. Kompitsas, E. György, I.N. Mihailescu, F. Roubani-Kalantzopoulou, A. Lagoyannis, S. Harissopulos, Nickel oxide thin films synthesized by reactive pulsed laser deposition: characterization and application to hydrogen sensing. Appl. Phys. A 91, 487–492 (2008)
J.S. Kang, J. Kim, J.S. Kim, K. Nam, H. Jo, Y.J. Son, J. Kang, J. Jeong, H. Choe, T.-H. Kwon, Y.-E. Sung, electrochemically synthesized mesoscopic nickel oxide films as photocathodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1, 4178–4185 (2018)
M.P. Browne, H. Nolan, N.C. Berner, G.S. Duesberg, P.E. Colavita, M.E.G. Lyons, Electrochromic nickel oxide films for smart window applications. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 11, 6636–6647 (2016)
M.-S. Wu, Y.-A. Huang, C.-H. Yang, J.-J. Jow, Electrodeposition of nanoporous nickel oxide film for electrochemical capacitors. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 32, 4153–4159 (2007)
Vijay V. Kondalkar, Pallavi B. Patil, Rahul M. Mane, Pramod S. Patil, Sipra Choudhury, Popatrao N. Bhosal, Electrochromic performance of nickel oxide thin film: synthesis via electrodeposition technique. Macromol. Symp. 361, 47–50 (2016)
M. Guziewicz, P. Klata, J. Grochowski, K. Golaszewska, E. Kaminska, J.Z. Domagala, B.A. Witkowski, M. Kandyla, Ch. Chatzimanolis, M. Kompitsas, A. Piotrowska, Hydrogen sensing properties of thin NiO films deposited by RF sputtering. Procedia Eng. 47, 746–749 (2012)
Y. Akaltun, T. Çayır, Fabrication and characterization of NiO thin films prepared by SILAR Method. J. Alloys Compd. 625, 144–148 (2015)
Julien Bachmann, Andriy Zolotaryov, Ole Albrecht, Silvana Goetze, Andreas Berger, Dietrich Hesse, Dmitri Novikov, Kornelius Nielsch, Stoichiometry of nickel oxide films prepared by ALD. Chem. Vap. Deposition 17, 177–180 (2011)
T.S. Yang, W. Cho, M. Kim, K.-S. An, T.-M. Chung, C.G. Kim, Y. Kim, Atomic layer deposition of nickel oxide films using Ni (dmamp) 2 and water. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 23, 1238 (2005)
M. Predanocy, I. Hotovy, M. Čaplovičová, Structural, optical and electrical properties of sputtered NiO thin films for gas detection. Appl. Surf. Sci. 395, 208–213 (2016)
Q. Dong, S. Yin, C. Guo, X. Wu, N. Kumada, T. Takei, A. Miura, Y. Yonesaki, T. Sato, Single-crystalline porous NiO nanosheets prepared from β-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets: magnetic property and photocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B 147, 741–747 (2014)
T.T. Dang, M. Tonezzer, Polycrystalline NiO nanowires: scalable growth and ethanol sensing. Procedia. Eng. 120, 427–434 (2015)
J.M. Choi, J.H. Byun, S.S. Kim, Influence of grain size on gas-sensing properties of chemiresistive p-type NiO nanofibers. Sens. Actuators B 227, 149–156 (2016)
Y. Lu, Y.H. Ma, S.Y. Ma, W.X. Jin, S.H. Yan, X.L. Xu, X.H. Jiang, T.T. Wang, H.M. Yang, H. Chen, Z. Qiang, Synthesis of cactus-like NiO nanostructure and their gas-sensing properties. Mater. Lett. 164, 48–51 (2016)
N.G. Cho, I.S. Hwang, H.G. Kim, J.H. Lee, I.D. Kim, Gas sensing properties of p-type hollow NiO hemispheres prepared by polymeric colloidal templating method. Sens. Actuators B 155, 366–371 (2011)
P. Wu, J.H. Sun, Y.Y. Huang, G.F. Gu, D.G. Tong, Solution plasma synthesized nickel oxide nanoflowers: an effective NO2 sensor. Mater. Lett. 82, 191–194 (2012)
B. Liu, H. Yang, H. Zhao, L. An, L. Zhang, R. Shi, L. Wang, L. Bao, Y. Chen, Synthesis and enhanced gas-sensing properties of ultralong NiO nanowires assembled with NiO nanocrystals. Sens. Actuators, B 156, 251–262 (2011)
X.H. Xia, J.P. Tu, J. Zhang, X.L. Wang, W.K. Zhang, H. Huang, Electrochromic properties of porous NiO thin films prepared by a chemical bath deposition. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92, 628–633 (2008)
Romain Brisse, Rita Faddoul, Tiphaine Bourgeteau, Denis Tondelier, Jocelyne Leroy, Stéphane Campidelli, Thomas Berthelot, Bernard Geffroy, Bruno Jousselme, Ink-jet printing NiO-based p-type dye sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 9, 2369–2377 (2016)
Hai-peng Cui, Jian-chang Li, Hai-lin Yuan, Bending effect on the resistive switching behavior of a NiO/TiO2 p–n heterojunction. RSC Adv. 8, 19861–19867 (2018)
M.A. Nasseri, F. Kamali, B. Zakerinasab, Catalytic activity of reusable nickel oxide nanoparticles in the synthesis of spirooxindoles. RSC Adv. 5, 26517–26520 (2015)
G. Evmenenko, T.T. Fister, F. Castro, X. Chen, B. Lee, D.B. Buchholz, V. Dravid, P. Fenter, M.J. Bedzyk, Structural analysis of initial lithiation of NiO thin film electrodes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 21, 8897–8905 (2019)
C. Hu, K. Chu, Y. Zhao, W.Y. Teoh, Efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting over anodized p-Type NiO porous films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6, 18558–18568 (2014)
P. Subalakshmi, A. Sivashanmugam, Fuel aided synthesis of NiO flakes for lectrochemical energy storage application. J. Alloys Compd. 662, 200–207 (2016)
Yuko Ichiyanagi, Naoto Wakabayashi, Junichiro Yamazaki, Saori Yamada, Yoshihide Kimishima, Eriko Komatsu, Hiroyuki Tajim, Magnetic properties of NiO nanoparticles. Phys. B 329, 862–863 (2003)
Manisha Tyagi, Monika Tomar, Vinay Gupta, Optical properties of NiO thin films: a potential material for optoelectronic devices. Adv. Mater. Res. 488–489, 103–108 (2012)
K. Uchida, K.-I. Yoshida, D. Zhang, A. Koizumi, S. Nozaki, High-quality single crystalline NiO with twin phases grown on sapphire substrate by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. AIP Adv. 2, 042154 (2012)
S. Jana, G. Mondal, B.C. Mitra, P. Bera, B. Chakraborty, A. Mondal, A. Ghosh, Facile synthesis of nickel oxide thin films from PVP encapsulated nickel sulfide thin films: an efficient material for electrochemical sensing of glucose, hydrogen peroxide and photodegradation of dye. New J. Chem. 41, 14985–14994 (2017)
S.T. Navale, V.V. Mali, S.A. Pawar, R.S. Mane, M. Naushad, F.J. Stadler, V.B. Patil, Electrochemical Supercapacitor Development Based on Electrodeposited Nickel Oxide Film. RSC Adv. 5, 51961–51965 (2015)
Shuqin Shang, Keyan Xue, Dairong Chen, Xiuling Jiao, Preparation and characterization of rose-like NiO nanostructures. CrystEngComm 13, 5094 (2011)
D. Fironi, Surface effects in magnetic nanoparticles (Springer, New York, 2005), p. 550
P. Ravikumar, B. Kisan, A. Perumal, Enhanced room temperature ferromagnetism in antiferromagnetic NiO nanoparticles. AIP Adv. 5, 087116 (2015)
Y. Huang, X. Huang, J. Lian, D. Xu, L. Wang, X. Zhang, Self-assembly of ultrathin porous NiO nanosheets/graphene hierarchical structure for high-capacity and high-rate lithium storage. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 2844–2847 (2012)
Ranjit S. Kate, Suraj C. Bulakhe, Ramesh J. Deokate, Effect of substrate temperature on properties of nickel oxide (NiO) thin films by spray pyrolysis. J. Electron. Mater. 48, 3220–3228 (2019)
A.M. Bakry, S.A. Mahmoud, Effect of substrate temperature on the optical dispersion of sprayed nickel oxide thin films, saudi international electronics. Commun. Photon. Conf. (SIECPC). (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/SIECPC.2011.5876956
G. Ojeda-Barrero, A.I. Oliva-Avilés, A.I. Oliva, R.D. Maldonado, M. Acosta, G.M. Alonzo-Medina, Effect of the substrate temperature on the physical properties of sprayed-CdS films by using an automatized perfume atomizer. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 79, 76 (2018)
M. Ravikumar, R. Chandramohan, K.D. Arun Kumar, S. Valanarasu, A. Kathalingam, V. Ganesh, M. Shkir, S. AlFaify, Effect of Gd3 + doping on key structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of CdO thin films fabricated by spray pyrolysis using perfume atomizer. J. Sol-Gel. Sci. Technol. 85, 31 (2017)
M. Anitha, L. Amalraj, N. Anitha, Influence of precursor concentration on physical properties of CdO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique using nebulizer. Appl. Phys. A 123, 764 (2017)
M. Mhadhbi, M. Khitouni, L. Escoda, J.J. Sunol, M. Dammakl, Characterization of mechanically alloyed nanocrystalline Fe(Al) crystallite size and dislocation density. J. Nanomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/712407 (2010)
V. Sivaranjani, P. Philominathan, Influence of substrate temperature on physical properties of nanostructured ti doped In2O3 thin films by a simplified perfume atomizer technique. Int. J. Thin. Film. Sci. Tech. 4, 219–225 (2015)
U.M. Patil, R.R. Salunkhe, K.V. Gurav, C.D. Lokhande, Chemically deposited nanocrystalline NiO thin films for supercapacitor application. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 2603–2607 (2008)
S. Dey, C. Ghosh, S. Bhattachatjee, M. Ghosh Chaudhuri, R.S. Bose, S. Halder, Synthesis of pure nickel(III) oxide nanoparticles at room temperature for Cr(VI) ion removal. RSC Adv. 5, 54717–54726 (2015)
M. Najafi, H. Eshghi, The effect of Cu-doping on physical properties of nanostructured NiO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. Sci. Iran. Trans. F Nanotechnol. 22, 1317–1321 (2015)
T. Sivaraman, V.S. Nagarethinam, A.R. Balu, CdS thin films fabricated by a simplified spray technique from different substrate temperatures—structural, morphological, optical and electrical analysis. Res. J. Mater. Sci. 2, 6–15 (2014)
M. Krunks, J. Soon, T. Unt, A. Mere, V. Mikli, Deposition of p-type NiO films by chemical spray pyrolysis. Vacuum 107, 242–246 (2014)
J.D. Hwang, T.H. Ho, Effects of oxygen content on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of NiO films fabricated by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 71, 396–400 (2017)
Sikai Zhao, Yanbai Shen, Pengfei Zhou, Jin Zhang, Wei Zhang, Xiangxiang Chen, Dezhou Wei, Ping Fang, Yansong Shen, Highly selective NO2 sensor based on p-type nanocrystalline NiO thin films prepared by sol–gel dip coating. Ceram. Int. 44, 753–759 (2018)
D. Desai, S.-K. Min, K.-D. Jung, O.-S. Joo, Spray pyrolytic synthesis of large area NiOx thin films from aqueous nickel acetate solutions. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 1781–1786 (2006)
O.K. Ukoba, F.L. Inambao, A.C. Eloka-Eboka, Experimental optimization of nanostructured nickel oxide deposited by spray pyrolysis for solar cells application. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 13, 3165–3173 (2018)
M.L. Grilli, S. Aydogan, M. Yilmaz, A study on non-stoichiometric p-NiOx/n-Si heterojunction diode fabricated by RF sputtering Determination of diode parameters. Superlattices Microstruct. 100, 924–933 (2016)
Bussarin Ksapabutr, Pathompong Nimnuan, Manop Panapoy, Dense and uniform NiO thin films fabricated by one-step electrostatic spray deposition. Mater. Lett. 153, 24–28 (2015)
Mengying Wang, Yohann Thimont, Lionel Presmanes, Xungang Diao, Antoine Barnabé, The effect of the oxygen ratio control of DC reactive magnetron sputtering on as-deposited non stoichiometric NiO thin films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 419, 795–801 (2017)
R. Newman, R.M. Chrenko, Optical properties of nickel oxide. Phys. Rev. 114, 1507–1513 (1959)
Adéle Renaud, Benoit Chavillon, Laurent Cario, Loïc Le Pleux, Nadine Szuwarski, Yann Pellegrin, Errol Blart, Eric Gautron, Fabrice Odobel, Stephane Jobic, Origin of the black color of NiO used as photocathode in p–type dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 22478–22483 (2013)
T. Taşköpru, E. Turan, M. Zor, Characterization of NiO films deposited by homemade spin coater. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41, 6965–6971 (2015)
Fatemeh Hajakbari, Characterization of nanocrystalline nickel oxide thin films prepared at different thermal oxidation temperatures. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 10, 97–103 (2020)
Abhijit A. Yadav, U.J. Chavan, Influence of substrate temperature on electrochemical supercapacitive performance of spray deposited nickel oxide thin films. J. Electroanal. Chem. 782, 36–42 (2016)
V. Gupta, A. Mansingh, Influence of post deposition annealing on the structural and optical properties of sputtered zinc oxide film. J. Appl. Phys. 80, 1063–1073 (1996)
K. Nadarajah, C. Yern Chee, C. Yong Tan, Influence of annealing on properties of spray deposited ZnO thin films. J. Nanomater. 16, 1–8 (2013)
Rafia Barir, Boubaker Benhaoua, Soufiane Benhamida, Achour Rahal, Toufik Sahraoui, Rachid Gheriani, Effect of precursor concentration on structural optical and electrical properties of NiO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis. J. Nanomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5204639 (2017)
M. Jlassi, I. Sta, M. Hajji, H. Ezzaouia, Optical and electrical properties of nickel oxide thin films synthesized by sol–gel spin coating. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 21, 7–13 (2014)
H.K. Li, T.P. Chen, S.G. Hu, X.D. Li, Y. Liu, P.S. Lee, X.P. Wang, H.Y. Li, G.Q. Lo, Highly spectrum-selective ultraviolet photodetector based on p-NiO/n-IGZO thin film heterojunction structure. Opt. Express 23, 27683–27689 (2015)
S. Manimenaka, G. Umadevi, M. Manickam, Effect of copper concentration on the physical properties of copper doped NiO thin films deposited by Spray pyrolysis. Mater. Chem. Phys. 191, 181–187 (2017)
B.J. Rani, B. Saravanakumar, G. Ravi, V. Ganesh, A. Sakunthala, R. Yuvakkumar, Structural, Optical and Magnetic properties of NiO nanopowders. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18, 4658–4666 (2018)
G.N. Narayanan, K. Annamalai, Role of hexamethylenetetramine concentration on structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of hydrothermally grown zinc oxide nanorods. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27, 12209–12215 (2016)
K. Anandan, V. Rajendran, Structural, optical and magnetic properties of well- dispersed NiO nanoparticles synthesized by CTAB assisted solvothermal process. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Int. J. 2, 24–29 (2012)
D. Adler, J. Feinleib, Electrical and optical properties of narrow-band materials. Phys. Rev. B. 2, 3112–3134 (1970)
L. De Los Santos Valladares, A. Ionescu, S. Holmes, C.H.W. Barnes, Characterization of Ni thin films following thermal oxidation in air. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 32, 051808-7 (2014)
V. Gowthami, P. Perumal, R. Sivakumar, C. Sanjeeviraja, Structural and optical studies on nickel oxide thin film prepared by nebulizer spray technique. Phys. B 452, 1–6 (2014)
B. Kisan, P. Ravikumar, A. Das, A. Srinivasan, A. Perumal, Structural, vibrational, optical and magnetic properties of NiO nanoparticles. Sci. Lett. J. 4, 160 (2015)
N. Mironova-Ulmane, A. Kuzmin, I. Sildos, L. Puust, J. Grabis, Magnon and Phonon Excitations in Nanosized NiO. Latv. J. Phys. Tech. Sci. 56, 61–72 (2019)
K. Srinivas, S. Manjunath Rao, P. Venugopal Reddy, Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of Sn0.95Ni0.05O2 nanorods. Nanoscale. 3, 642–653 (2011)
S.S. Nkosi, B. Yalisi, D.E. Motaung, J. Keartland, E. Sideras-Haddad, A. Forbes, B.W. Mwakikunga, Antiferromagnetic–paramagnetic state transition of NiO synthesized by pulsed laser deposition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 265, 860–864 (2013)
H.T. Rahal, R. Awad, A.M. Abdel-Gaber, D. El-Said Bakeer, Synthesis, characterization, and magnetic properties of pure and EDTA-capped NiO nanosized particles. J. Nanomater. 2017, 1–9 (2017)
Jian Zhang, Dawen Zeng, Qiang Zhu, Wu Jinjin, Qingwu Huang, Changsheng Xie, Effect of nickel vacancies on the room-temperature NO2 sensing properties of mesoporous NiO nanosheets. J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 3936–3945 (2016)
K. Sudalai Muthu, P. Perumal, Synthesis and characterization of NiO Nanoparticles using egg white method. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 28, 9612–9617 (2017)
N. Pathak, S.K. Gupta, C.L. Prajapat, S.K. Sharma, P.S. Ghosh, B. Kanrar, P.K. Pujari, R.M. Kadam, Defect induced ferromagnetism in MgO and its exceptional enhancement upon thermal annealing: a case of transformation of various defect states. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 11975–11989 (2017)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Visweswaran, S., Venkatachalapathy, R., Haris, M. et al. Structural, morphological, optical and magnetic properties of sprayed NiO thin films by perfume atomizer. Appl. Phys. A 126, 524 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03709-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03709-w