Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Design and analysis of RPL objective functions using variant routing metrics for IoT applications

  • Published:
Wireless Networks Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The main objective of Internet of Things (IoT) is to connect almost all the devices anywhere and everywhere in the world. IoT network is heterogeneous in nature, hence routing the data packets in this network is a big challenge. Routing Protocol for Low Power Lossy Network (RPL), has been designed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)  for such type of network. The existing design of RPL Objective Function (OF) is insufficient to cover all the issues of IoT applications. In this paper, the proposed OFs designs using various routing metrics are used to enhance the performance of the IoT applications. The analysis for various scenarios for these designs shows that only traditional hop and Expected Transmission Count (ETX) routing parameters will not fit for the smart applications need. The routing metric selection according to the application requirement is the principal idea of the proposed design. Three metrics ETX, Content and Energy, single and combination with each other are  used to enhance the design of objective function of RPL for IoT applications. The enhanced triggering technique is added in these designs for the improvement of RPL. This technique will eliminate the cumulative effect of the short-listen problem of default trickle timer. The result analysis done using Cooja simulator along with Contiki Operating System (OS) states that, all the designs are performing well in one or other manner than the traditional OF. Energy combined with Content (EC) and aggregation with Enhanced timer (EC_En_Timer) design gives better result for Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Latency Delay (LD) as compared to default OF design. Residual Energy (RE) combined with ETX (EE) and conjunction with Enhanced timer (EE_En_Timer) design works well for energy consumption. Overhead is very less in RE and ETX design. Conversion time is reduced by almost 50% in an En_Timer design. Higher PDR and low delay values of EC and EC_En_Timer design encourages its use in health monitoring application where reliability is essential. Low energy consumption results of RE, EE and EE_En_Timer designs are comfortable for forest monitoring application, as energy is a crucial aspect. This comparative result outcome will help to fulfill the IoT application requirements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Rault, T., Bouabdallah, A., & Challal, Y. (2014). Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey. Computer Networks,67, 104–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gaur, A., et al. (2015). Smart city architecture and its applications based on IoT. Procedia Computer Science,52, 1089–1094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Vasseur, J. P. (2014). Terms used in routing for low-power and lossy networks. Request for Comments 7102.

  4. Javed, F., Afzal, M. K., Sharif, M., & Kim, B.-S. (2018). Internet of things (IoT) operating systems support, networking technologies, applications, and challenges: A comparative review. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,20(3), 2062–2100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Solapure, S. S., & Harish, K. (2016). Internet of things: A survey related to various recent Architectures and Platforms available. IEEE international conference on advances in computing, communications and informatics (ICACCI). https://doi.org/10.1109/icacci.2016.7732395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Gutierrez, J. A., & Durocher, D. B. (2005). On the use of IEEE 802.15. 4 to enable wireless sensor networks in pulp and paper industry. In Conference record of 2005 annual pulp and paper industry technical conference, 2005 IEEE, pp. 105–110.

  7. Granjal, J., Monteiro, E., & Silva, J. S. (2010). Enabling network-layer security on IPv6 wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings, IEEE global telecommunications conference GLOBECOM. IEEE, pp. 1–6.

  8. Ee, G. K., Ng, C. K., Noordin, N. K., & Ali, B. M. (2010). A review of 6LoWPAN routing protocols. Proceedings, Asia-Pacific Advanced Network,30, 71–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Schumacher, C. P. P., Kushalnagar, N., & Montenegro, G. (2007). IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, assumptions, problem statement, and goals. Request for Comments: 4919.

  10. Winter, T., Thubert, P., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, J.-P., & Alexander, R. (2012). RPL:IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. Request for Comments: 6550.

  11. Accettura, N., Grieco, L. A., Boggia, G., & Camarda, P. (2011). Performance analysis of the RPL routing protocol. In Proceedings, IEEE international conference on mechatronics, pp. 767–772. IEEE.

  12. Gaddour, O., Koubaa, A., Chaudhry, S., Tezeghdanti, M., Chaari, R., & Abid, M. (2012). Simulation and performance evaluation of DAG construction with RPL. In Proceedings, third international conference on communications and networking, pp. 1-8. IEEE.

  13. Javaid, N., Javaid, A., Khan, I. A., & Djouani, K. (2009). Performance study of ETX based wireless routing metrics. In Proceedings, 2nd international conference on computer, control and communication, pp. 1–7. IEEE.

  14. Clausen, T., Herberg, U., & Philipp, M. (2011). A critical evaluation of the IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL). In Proceedings, 7th international conference on wireless and mobile computing, networking and communications (WiMob), pp. 365–372. IEEE.

  15. Sennan, S. (2018). Energy and load aware routing protocol for internet of things. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences,7(3), 255–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. RPL. (2018). https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6550. Accessed September 21, 2018.

  17. Zikria, Y. B., Afzal, M. K., Ishmanov, F., Kim, S. W., & Yu, H. (2018). A survey on routing protocols supported by the Contiki Internet of things operating system. Future Generation Computer Systems,82, 200–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee, S., Shin, D., & Kim, D. (2010). The effect of ETX measurement on routing performance in underwater sensor networks. In Proceedings, international conference on information and communication technology convergence (ICTC), pp. 139–140. IEEE.

  19. Xiao, W., Liu, J., Jiang, N., & Shi, H. (2014). An optimization of the object function for routing protocol of low-power and lossy networks. In Proceedings, 2nd international conference on systems and informatics (ICSAI 2014), pp. 515–519. IEEE.

  20. Kim, H.-S., Ko, J., Culler, D. E., & Paek, J. (2017). Challenging the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL): A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials,19(4), 2502–2525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zaatouri, I., & et al. (2017). Study of routing metrics for low power and lossy network. In International conference on smart, monitored and controlled cities (SM2C). IEEE.

  22. Mohamed, B., & Mohamed, F. (2015). QoS routing RPL for low power and lossy networks. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Article ID 971545, 10 pages.

  23. Khallef, W., Molnar, M., Benslimane, A., & Durand, S. (2017). Multiple constrained QoS routing with RPL. In IEEE ICC 2017 ad-hoc and sensor networking symposium, IEEE.

  24. Sousa, N., & et al. (2017). ERAOF: A new RPL protocol objective function for Internet of Things applications. In 2nd international multidisciplinary conference on computer and energy science (SpliTech). IEEE.

  25. Urama, I. H., Fotouhi, H., & Abdellatif, M. M. (2017). Optimizing RPL objective function for mobile low-power wireless networks. In IEEE 41st annual computer software and applications conference.

  26. Sundani, H., Li, H., Devabhaktuni, V., Alam, M., & Bhattacharya, P. (2011). Wireless sensor network simulators a survey and comparisons. International Journal of Computer Networks,2(5), 249–265.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang, T., & Li, X. (2014). Evaluating and analyzing the performance of RPL in Contiki. In Proceedings, 1st international workshop on Mobile sensing, computing and communication, pp. 19–24. ACM.

  28. Bahramlou, A., & Javidan, R. (2018). Adaptive timing model for improving routing and data aggregation in Internet of things networks using RPL. IET Networks,7(5), 306–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Goyal, S., & Chand, T. (2017). Improved trickle algorithm for routing protocol for low power and lossy networks. IEEE Sensors Journal,18(5), 2178–2183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Safaei, B., & et al. (2019). PEDAL: Power-delay product objective function for internet of things applications. In Proceedings of the 34th ACM/SIGAPP symposium on applied computing. ACM.

  31. Kamgueu, P. O., Nataf, E., & Ndie, T. D. (2018). Survey on RPL enhancements: A focus on topology, security and mobility. Computer Communications,120, 10–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Solapure, S. S., & Kenchannavar, H. H. (2019). RPL and COAP protocols, experimental analysis for IOT: A case study. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC), 10(2).

  33. Lamaazi, H., & Benamar, N. (2018). OF-EC: A novel energy consumption aware objective function for RPL based on fuzzy logic. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2018.05.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Baz, M. (2018). A collaborative energy optimization routing metric for IoT network over smart city. In 1st international conference on computer applications and information security (ICCAIS), pp. 1–7. IEEE.

  35. Kharrufa, H., Al-Kashoash, H. A. A., & Kemp, A. H. (2019). RPL in IoT applications—A review. IEEE Sensors Journal,19(15), 5952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Asghari, P., Rahmani, A. M., & Javadi, H. H. S. (2019). Internet of things applications: A systematic review. Computer Networks,148, 241–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Gara, F., Saad, L. B., Ayed, R. B., & Tourancheau, B. (2015). RPL protocol adapted for healthcare and medical applications. In Proceedings, International wireless communications and mobile computing conference (IWCMC), pp. 690–695. IEEE.

  38. Jin, Y., Kulkarni, P., Gormus, S., & Sooriyabandara, M. (2016). Content centric routing in IoT networks and its integration in RPL. Computer Communications,89, 87–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Chernyshev, M., Baig, Z., Bello, O., & Zeadally, S. (2017). Internet of Things (IoT): Research, simulators, and testbeds. IEEE Internet of Things Journal,5(3), 1637–1647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Contiki OS1. (2018). http://www.Contiki-os.org/ (accessed on 8.21.2018).

  41. Contiki OS2. (2018). http://anrg.usc.edu/Contiki/index.php/Main_Page. Accessed 21 September, 2018.

  42. Yengi, Y., Khan, S. A., & Kucuk, K. (2017). Design and performance analysis of information centric network for internet of things. In Signal processing and communications applications conference (SIU), 2017 25th, pp. 1–4. IEEE.

  43. Kuang, J., & Yu, S.-Z. (2017). Broadcast-based content delivery in information-centric hybrid multihop wireless networks. IEEE Communications Letters,21(4), 889–892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Mostafa, B., Benslimane, A., Saleh, M., Kassem, S., & Molnar, M. (2018). An energy-efficient multiobjective scheduling model for monitoring in internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal,5(3), 1727–1738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Levis, P., Clausen, T., Hui, J., Gnawali, O., & Ko, J. (2011). The trickle algorithm. Request for Comments: 6206.

  46. Coladon, T., Vuˇcini´c, M., & Tourancheau, B. (2015). Multiple redundancy constants with trickle. In Proceedings, 26th annual international symposium on personal, indoor, and mobile radio communications (PIMRC), pp. 1951–1956. IEEE.

  47. Ghaleb, B., Al-Dubai, A., Ekonomou, E., Paechter, B., & Qasem, M. (2016). Trickle-plus: Elastic trickle algorithm for low-power networks and Internet of Things. In Proceedings, wireless communications and networking conference workshops (WCNCW), pp. 103–108. IEEE.

  48. Ghaleb, B., Al-Dubai, A,. & Ekonomou, E. (2015). E-trickle: Enhanced trickle algorithm for low-power and lossy networks. In Proceedings, international conference on computer and information technology; ubiquitous computing and communications; dependable, autonomic and secure computing; pervasive intelligence and computing, pp. 1123–1129. IEEE.

  49. Sarode, K., & Solapure, S. (2019). “Design routing protocol using improved routing metric for less energy consumption and stability. M.Tech. Dissertation report.

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors want to thank Dr. Mohit Taihilani, Assistant Professor, CSE Department, NITK Surathkal, Mangalore, India and Dr. Smriti Bhandari, Professor and Head of CSE Department ADCET Asta, Sangli for their valuable guidance for this research publication.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of CSE, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, VTU, Belagavi, India

    Sharwari S. Solapure

  2. Department of ISE, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, VTU, Belagavi, India

    Harish H. Kenchannavar

Authors
  1. Sharwari S. Solapure
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Harish H. Kenchannavar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sharwari S. Solapure.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Solapure, S.S., Kenchannavar, H.H. Design and analysis of RPL objective functions using variant routing metrics for IoT applications. Wireless Netw 26, 4637–4656 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02348-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02348-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation