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Withdrawal Effects Following Methionine Exposure in Adult Zebrafish

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Abstract

Methionine (Met) has important functions for homeostasis of various species, including zebrafish. However, the increased levels of this amino acid in plasma, a condition known as hypermethioninemia, can lead to cell alterations. Met is crucial for the methylation process and its excesses interfere with the cell cycle, an effect that persists even after the removal of this amino acid. Some conditions may lead to a transient increase of this amino acid with unexplored persistent effects of Met exposure. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral and neurochemical effects after the withdrawal of Met exposure. Zebrafish were divided into two groups: control and Met-treated group (3 mM) for 7 days and after maintained for 8 days in tanks containing only water. In the eighth day post-exposure, we evaluated locomotion, anxiety, aggression, social interaction, and memory, as well as oxidative stress parameters, amino acid, and neurotransmitter levels in the zebrafish brain. Our results showed that 8 days after Met exposure, the treated group showed decreased locomotion and aggressive responses, as well as impaired aversive memory. The Met withdrawal did not change thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reactive oxygen species, and nitrite levels; however, we observed a decrease in antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total thiols. Epinephrine and cysteine levels were decreased after the Met withdrawal whereas carnitine and creatine levels were elevated. Our findings indicate that a transient increase in Met causes persistent neurotoxicity, observed by behavioral and cognitive changes after Met withdrawal and that the mechanisms underlying these effects are related to changes in antioxidant system, amino acid, and neurotransmitter levels.

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Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-finance code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS), and Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia para Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção. R.Z and C.D.B. (Proc. 305035/2015-0) were the recipients of a fellowship from CNPq.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Rodrigo Zanandrea, Melissa Talita Wiprich, Stefani Altenhofen & Carla Denise Bonan

  2. Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Rodrigo Zanandrea, Melissa Talita Wiprich, Stefani Altenhofen & Carla Denise Bonan

  3. Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Gabriel Rubensam

  4. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Tiago Marcon dos Santos & Angela T.S. Wyse

  5. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Carla Denise Bonan

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  1. Rodrigo Zanandrea
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  2. Melissa Talita Wiprich
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  3. Stefani Altenhofen
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  4. Gabriel Rubensam
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  5. Tiago Marcon dos Santos
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  7. Carla Denise Bonan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carla Denise Bonan.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics Approval

All protocols were approved by the Animal Care Committee of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (8758-CEUA-PUCRS). This study was registered in the Sistema Nacional de Gestão do Patrimônio Genético e Conhecimento Tradicional Associado - SISGEN (Protocol No. A3B073D).

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Zanandrea, R., Wiprich, M.T., Altenhofen, S. et al. Withdrawal Effects Following Methionine Exposure in Adult Zebrafish. Mol Neurobiol 57, 3485–3497 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-01970-x

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