Antimicrobial packaging efficiency of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites infused into PVA/CS film for enhancing the shelf life of food products
Graphical abstract
Introduction
The demand for fresh, clean, minimally processed foods has been steadily increasing. Nonetheless, expelling compound additives and added substances from food items altogether diminishes their shelf life. To address this, active antimicrobial packaging systems that contain materials inside or on the packaging that effectively restrain nourishment waste microorganisms can be utilized to lengthen the time of realistic usability of food items (Sullivan et al., 2018). Food contamination can happen during collecting, preparing, and conveyance (Al-Tayyar, Youssef, & Al-hindi, 2020).
Packaging is a compelling method for shielding food items from outside contaminants and can prevent substance, physical, and natural changes (disintegration) during storage or arrangement of items. Traditional packaging materials do not effectively control responses inside the items. Boundaries to oxygen, dampness, and light offer great assurance for the most delicate items (Khaneghah, Hashemi, & Limbo, 2018). As of late, biodegradable and biobased packaging materials have gotten many considerations because of the sanitation and ecological issues brought about by utilizing petrochemical-based plastics (Bi et al., 2019; Youssef, El-Naggar, Fouda, & Youssef, 2019). Edible and bionanocomposite films, which are generally created from polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and different biopolymers, speak to the most encouraging options in contrast to manufactured polymers as packaging materials, accordingly adding to the drive to diminish the utilization of these sorts of plastics (El-Sayed, El-Sayed, Ibrahim, & Youssef, 2020; Gutiérrez & Alvarez, 2018; Youssef & El- Sayed, 2018).
Chitosan is a characteristic polysaccharide acquired from the shells of shellfish by the deacetylation of chitin removed from shells (Braz et al., 2018). Chitosan has natural antimicrobial activity because of its highly charged amino groups, which respond to oppositely charged microbial cell layers. This connection brings about a surge of proteins and other intracellular parts from the microbial cells (Moustafa, Youssef, Darwish, & Abou-Kandil, 2019). Chitosan is a nonlethal biopolymer that has antibacterial activity, which makes it a decent choice for packaging (Sharaf et al., 2019; Youssef, El-Naggar et al., 2019). The utilization of chitosan has been shown to broaden the time span of the usability of new leafy foods (Casariego et al., 2008; Shiekh, Malik, Al-Thabaiti, & Shiekh, 2013), meats (Higueras, López-Carballo, Hernández-Muñoz, Catalá, & Gavara, 2014; Ouattara, Simard, Piette, Bégin, & Holley, 2000; Ye, Neetoo, & Chen, 2008) fish (Caner & Cansiz, 2006) and egg items (Azadbakht, Maghsoudlou, Khomiri, & Kashiri, 2018). Even outside of the freezer, chitosan kept food fresh (No, Meyers, Prinyawiwatkul, & Xu, 2007; Shiekh et al., 2013), and it also decomposed without further contamination in dirt. Even so, the downsides of CS are its acidity and poor flexibility (Abd El-Aziz et al., 2019; Chiellini, Corti, & Solaro, 1999). Chitosan is regularly mixed with other nondangerous and biodegradable polymers, such as PVA, to improve its mechanical properties (Bonilla, Fortunati, Atarés, Chiralt, & Kenny, 2014; Zhai et al., 2017).
PVA has numerous valuable properties for use in food packaging films, for example, high hydrophilicity, great compound stability and superb film shaping properties (Limpan, Prodpran, Benjakul, & Prasarpran, 2012; Youssef, 2013; Yu, Li, Chu, & Zhang, 2018). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) offers a wide range of positive attributes, including its high structural capacity, that it is a water-dissolvable polymer, its strong compound properties, its great biodegradability, and its ease of use (Youssef, Assem et al., 2019a). PVA has noteworthy physical attributes because of its hydroxyl groups, which empower the formation of hydrogen bonds (Cano et al., 2015). Organic polymers can undoubtedly become debased by polyvinyl alcohol. In the past century, PVA has been used in a broad range of applications for various enterprises; for example, PVA has been used in the areas of medication and nourishment for creating items, for example, food packaging materials, fine strings, saps and veneers (Domene-López, Guillén, Martin-Gullon, García-Quesada, & Montalbán, 2018; Gaaz et al., 2015). In food contact applications, the utilization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been broken down by EFSA (2005). In this manner, it very well may be presumed that PVA can be utilized as a covering material for various foods without raising any health concerns (Youssef, Assem et al., 2019b).
Silicon is a metalloid that is the most inexhaustible strong component on Earth; it is broadly found as silica (SiO2) and silicate. Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) are fused into plastics for expanding their mechanical quality and warm dependability (Garcia, Shin, & Kim, 2018; Hasan, Zhou, Mahfuz, & Jeelani, 2006). In light of their small molecule size, enormous surface area and the reactivity of their surface hydroxyl groups, SiO2-NPs are stable particles that have been broadly utilized in plastics and elastics and in other materials (Wu, Chen, Shao, & Lu, 2002; Durme, Mele, Loos, & Prez, 2005; Yiwu, Liu, & Wei, 2010). Silicon oxides are viewed as progressively suitable bearers due to their permeable structures and optimal adsorption properties. SiO2-NPs have the upside of having amazingly high surface movement, which empowers them to assimilate different particles and atoms (Bahador et al., 2016; Matsunami & Hosono, 1993).
Among the metal oxides, zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most broadly utilized materials in different fields because of its noteworthy antimicrobial and photocatalytic properties (Vasilache, Popa, Filote, Cretu, & Benta, 2011). Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are great semiconductors with great biocompatibility, substance steadiness, and biocidal exercises both in vitro and in vivo, and they are inexpensive. ZnO-NPs have a band hole of 3.37 eV at room temperature and an enormous free-energizing restricting vitality of 60 meV. Additionally, they have antimicrobial properties against food borne pathogens and microscopic organisms. Furthermore, ZnO-NPs are typically perceived as approved by the FDA for its proposed use under recommended limited properties (Abdeen, Farargy, & Negm, 2018; Li & Li, 2010; Mallakpour & Behranvand, 2016; Rojas et al., 2019; Zhang, Ding, Povey, & York, 2008).
ZnO-NPs have been used in various food-packaging coatings to keep up nourishment hues, to prevent food deterioration, and to improve packaging material properties, including mechanical quality, hindrance properties and stability (Noah, El Semary, Youssef, & El- Safty, 2017; Shi et al., 2014; Sirelkhatim et al., 2015). Three particular types of activity have been reported in the literature: (I) the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the semiconductive properties of ZnO-NPs (Applerot et al., 2009; Lipovsky, Nitzan, Gedanken, & Lubart, 2011; Sawai et al., 1998). (ii) the destabilization of microbial films upon direct contact of ZnO particles with foam dividers (Brayner et al., 2006; Jiang, Mashayekhi, & Xing, 2009; Zhang et al., 2008) and (iii) the natural antimicrobial properties of Zn2+ particles discharged by ZnO in watery media (Brunner et al., 2006; Fang, Yu, Li, Somasundaran, & Chandran, 2010; Li, Zhu, & Lin, 2011; Pasquet et al., 2014). The antibacterial action of ZnO-NPs results from the interruption of the bacterial cell membrane by Zn2+ particles, and furthermore it is accepted that in the presence of dampness, ZnO-NPs caused oxidative damage to the bacterial cell membranes through the production of dynamic H2O2 species on its surface (Noah et al., 2017; Saral, Indumathi, & Rajarajeswari, 2019).
In the present work, ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite displays effective antibacterial properties that can used to enhance the mechanical and barrier properties of PVA/CS/ZnO-SiO2 bionanocomposite films. PVA/CS/ZnO-SiO2 bionanocomposites were successfully fabricated as novel antibacterial films containing different ratios of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite. Furthermore, this study describes a promising method to enhance packaging material currently used in the food industry. Moreover, there is enormous potential for this method in other food preservation applications.
Section snippets
Materials
Chitosan has an average molecular weight of approximately Mv = 92,700 g mol−1, and it has a deacetylation degree of 82.5 %; it was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, USA. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glacial acetic acid (HAc), zinc sulphate, ammonium hydroxide, and SiO2 powders were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich chemicals (Cairo, Egypt). The bread was obtained from a local market in Jeddah-KSA.
Preparation of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites
First, 3 g of zinc sulphate was dissolved in 50 mL of distilled water along with 2 mL of ammonium
Evaluation of the prepared ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites
The prepared ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites were evaluated using XRD, SEM and EDX analyses. The XRD pattern of synthesized ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite is revealed in (Fig. 1a). The XRD displayed that the diffraction peaks were sharp and narrow which suggest that fabricated ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite has the good crystallinity with comparatively higher crystallites, and indicates the effects of investigational conditions on the nucleation and growth of the crystal. From XRD patterns the clear peaks
Conclusions
In the current study, bread was packaged using PVA/CS/ZnO-SiO2 bionanocomposite films as materials with acceptable tensile strength and gas and water vapor permeability that were fabricated using a blend of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol with the addition of different loaded % of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite. The prepared packaging material containing 5% ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite prevented mold growth on the bread surface and exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Nasser A. Al-Tayyar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Writing - original draft. Ahmed M. Youssef: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Writing - original draft. Rashad R. Al-Hindi: Supervision, Writing - review & editing.
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