Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optimization and Effect of Reinforcements on the Sliding Wear Behavior of Self-Lubricating AZ91D-SiC-Gr Hybrid Composites

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Silicon Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article statistically investigates the effect of various parameters such as material factors: silicon carbide (SiC) fraction, graphite (Gr) fraction and mechanical factors: normal load, sliding distance and speed on the sliding wear rate of self-lubricating AZ91D-SiC-Gr hybrid magnesium composites. The self-lubricating hybrid composites were fabricated using advanced vacuum assisted stir casting process. The sliding wear tests have been performed under dry conditions on pin-on-disc tribometer at 10-50 N loads, 1-3 m/s sliding speed and 1000-2000 m sliding distance. It has been examined that hybrid composites yielded improved wear resistance with reinforcement of SiC and solid lubricant graphite. ANOVA and signal-to-noise ratio investigation indicated that applied load was the most critical factor influencing the wear rate of fabricated hybrid composites followed by sliding distance. Further, the AZ91D/5SiC/5Gr hybrid composite has exhibited the best wear properties. From the SEM and EDS analysis of worn surfaces, delamination was confirmed as the dominant wear mechanism for AZ91D-SiC-Gr hybrid composites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Campbell FC (2012) Lightweight materials-understanding the basics. ASM international, Ohio

    Google Scholar 

  2. Banerjee S, Poria S, Sutradhar G, Sahoo P (2019) Dry sliding tribological behavior of AZ31-WC nano-composites. J Magnes Alloy 7:315–327

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Li N, Chen Y, Deng B, Yue J, Qu W, Yang H, He Y, Xia W, Li L (2019) Low temperature UV assisted sol-gel preparation of ZrO2 pore-sealing films on micro-arc oxidized magnesium alloy AZ91D and their electrochemical corrosion behaviors. J Alloys Compd 792:1036–1044

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Yu W, Chen D, Tian L, Zhao H, Wang X (2019) Self-lubricate and anisotropic wear behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy reinforced with ternary Ti2AlC MAX phases. J Mater Sci Technol 35:275–284

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zafari A, Ghasemi H, Mahmudi R (2012) Tribological behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy at elevated temperatures. Wear 292–293:33–40

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dey A, Pandey KM (2015) Magnesium metal matrix composites - a review. Rev Adv Mater Sci 42:58–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Girish B, Satish B, Sarapure S, Somashekar D, Basawaraj S (2015) Wear behavior of magnesium alloy AZ91 hybrid composite materials. Tribol Trans 58(3):481–489

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Khatkar SK, Suri N, Kant S, Pankaj (2018) A review on mechanical and tribological properties of graphite reinforced self-lubricating hybrid metal matrix composites. Rev Adv Mater Sci 56:1–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Poddar P, Srivastava V, De P, Sahoo K (2007) Processing and mechanical properties of SiC reinforced cast magnesium matrix composites by stir casting process. Mater Sci Eng A 460–461:357–364

    Google Scholar 

  10. Aatthisugan I, Rose AR, Jebadurai D (2017) Mechanical and wear behaviour of AZ91D magnesium matrix hybrid composite reinforced with boron carbide and graphite 5:20–35

  11. Chourasiya SK, Gautam G, Singh D (2020) Mechanical and tribological behavior of warm rolled Al-6Si-3graphite self lubricating composite synthesized by spray forming process. Silicon 12:831–842

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ravindran P, Manisekar K, Rathika P, Narayanasamy P (2013) Tribological properties of powder metallurgy - processed aluminium self lubricating hybrid composites with SiC additions. Mater Des 45:561–570

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ram Prabhu T, Varma V, Vedantam S (2014) Tribological and mechanical behavior of multilayer Cu/SiC + Gr hybrid composites for brake friction material applications. Wear 317:201–212

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Li JL, Xiong D (2008) Tribological properties of nickel-based self-lubricating composite at elevated temperature and counterface material selection. Wear 265:533–539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Babic M, Slobodan M, Džunic D, Jeremic B, Ilija B (2010) Tribological behavior of composites based on ZA-27 alloy reinforced with graphite particles. Tribol Lett 37:401–410

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Khatkar SK, Verma R, Kant S, Suri NM (2020) In: Pant M, Sharma T, Verma O, Singla R, Sikander A (eds) Soft computing: theories and applications. Advances in intelligent systems and computing, vol 1053. Springer, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  17. Feng Y, Wang J, Zhang M, Xu Y (2007) The influence of pressure on the electrical tribology of carbon nanotube-silver-graphite composite. J Mater Sci 42:9700–9706

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cui G, Bi Q, Niu M, Yang J, Liu W (2013) The tribological properties of bronze-SiC-graphite composites under sea water condition. Tribol Int 60:25–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Menezes P, Reeves C, Rohatgi P (2013) In: Menezes PL, Ingole SP, Nosonovsky M, kailas SV, Lovell MR (eds) Tribology for scientists and engineers: from basics to advanced concepts1st edn. Springer Science, New York

    Google Scholar 

  20. Moghadam A, Omrani E, Menezes P, Rohatgi P (2015) Mechanical and tribological properties of self-lubricating metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes ( CNTs ) and graphene e a review. Compos Part B 77:402–420

    Google Scholar 

  21. Reeves CJ, Menezes PL, Lovell MR (2013) In: Menezes PL, Ingole SP, Nosonovsky M, kailas SV, Lovell MR (eds) Tribology for scientists and engineers: from basics to advanced concepts1st edn. Springer Science, New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Prasad RA, Vamsi KP, Rao RN (2019) Tribological behaviour of Al6061–2SiC-xGr hybrid metal matrix nanocomposites fabricated through ultrasonically assisted stir casting technique. Silicon 11:2853–2871

    Google Scholar 

  23. Guo MLT, C-YA T (2000) Tribological behavior of self-lubricating aluminium/SiC/graphite hybrid composites synthesized by the semi-solid powder-densification method. Compos Sci Technol 60:65–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bodunrin M, Alaneme KK, Chown LH (2015) Aluminium matrix hybrid composites : A review of reinforcement philosophies ; mechanical, corrosion and tribological. Integr Med Res 4:434–445

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mosleh-Shirazi S, Akhlaghi F, Li DY (2016) Effect of graphite content on the wear behavior of Al/2SiC/Gr hybrid nano-composites respectively in the ambient environment and an acidic solution. Tribol Int 103:620–628

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Xiao JK, Zhang L, Zhou KC, Wang XP (2013) Microscratch behavior of copper-graphite composites. Tribol Int 57:38–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ramesh CS, Noor Ahmed R, Mujeebu M, Abdullah MZ (2009) Development and performance analysis of novel cast copper–SiC–Gr hybrid composites. Mater Des 30:1957–1965

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mahdavi S, Akhlaghi F (2011) Effect of the graphite content on the tribological behavior of Al/Gr and Al/30SiC/Gr composites processed by in situ powder metallurgy (IPM) method. Tribol Lett 44:1–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Krishnaa M, Xavior A (2014) An investigation on the mechanical properties of hybrid metal matrix composites. Proc Eng 97:918–924

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kaushik N, Rao RN (2016) The effect of wear parameters and heat treatment on two body abrasive wear of Al – SiC – Gr hybrid composites. Tribol Int 96:184–190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Maamari A, Iqbal K, Nuruzzaman D (2019) Wear and mechanical characterization of Mg–Gr self-lubricating composite fabricated by mechanical alloying. J Magnes Alloy 7:283–290

    Google Scholar 

  32. Wang C, Deng K, Bai Y (2019) Microstructure, and mechanical and Wear properties of Grp/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites. Materials 12:1190–1206

    CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Wu Y, Wu K, Deng K, Nie K, Wang X, Zheng M, Hu X (2010) Damping capacities and microstructures of magnesium matrix composites reinforced by graphite particles. Mater Des 31:4862–4865

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhu J, Qi J, Guan Q, Ma L, Joyce R (2020) Tribological behaviour of self-lubricating Mg matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide and tungsten disulfide. Tribol Int 146 article no.106253

  35. Gowrishankar TP, Manjunatha LH, Sangmesh B (2019) Mechanical and wear behaviour of Al6061 reinforced with graphite and TiC hybrid MMC’s. Mater Res Innov 24(3):179–185

    Google Scholar 

  36. Stojanovic B, Babic M, Velickovic S, Blagojevic J, Velickovic S (2016) Tribological behavior of aluminum hybrid composites studied by application of factorial techniques. Tribol Trans 59:522–529

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kaushik N, Rao R (2016) Tribology international effect of applied load and grit size on wear coef fi cients of Al 6082 – SiC – Gr hybrid composites under two body abrasion. Tribiol Int 103:298–308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Senthilkumar M, Saravanan S, Shankar S (2015) Dry sliding wear and friction behavior of aluminum–rice husk ash composite using Taguchi’s technique. J Compos Mater 49:2241–2250

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ekici E, Motorcu A, Kuş A (2016) Evaluation of surface roughness and material removal rate in the wire electrical discharge machining of Al/B4C composites via the Taguchi method. J Compos Mater 50:2575–2586

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Prakash S, Balasundar P, Nagaraja S, Gopal P, Kavimani V (2016) Mechanical and wear behaviour of Mg-SiC-Gr hybrid composites. J Magnes Alloy 4(3):197–206

    Google Scholar 

  41. Aravindan S, Rao P, Ponappa (2015) Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of AAZ91D/SiC composites by two step stir casting process. J Magnes alloy 3:52–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Selvakumar N, Narayanasamy P (2016) Optimization and effect of weight fraction of MoS2 on the tribological behaviour of Mg-TiC-MoS2. Tribol Trans 59:733–747

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gopal PM, Prakash S (2019) Wire electric discharge machining of silica rich E-waste CRT and BN reinforced hybrid magnesium MMC. Silicon 11:1429–1440

    Google Scholar 

  44. Verma R, Suri NM, Kant S (2019) Process optimization of slurry spray technique through multi-attribute utility function. Arab J Sci Eng 44(2):919–934

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kavimani V, Prakash KS, Thankachan, Nagaraja S, Jeevanantham AK, Jhon JP (2019) WEDM Parameter Optimization for Silicon@r-GO/Magneisum composite using taguchi based GRA coupled PCA. Silicon. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-00205-6

  46. Vijayabhaskar S, Rajmohan T (2019) Experimental investigation and optimization of machining parameters in WEDM of nano-SiC particles reinforced magnesium matrix composites. Silicon 11:1701–1716

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gopal P, Prakash K, Nagarajab S, Aravintha N (2017) Effect of weight fraction and particle size of CRT glass on the tribological behaviour of Mg-CRT-BN hybrid composites. Tribol Int 116:338–350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Punjab, India

    Sandeep Kumar Khatkar & Archana Thakur

  2. Industrial & Production Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

    Rajeev Verma

  3. Production & Industrial Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India

    Sumankant & Raj Sharma

  4. Poornima Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, India

    Sandeep Singh Kharb

Authors
  1. Sandeep Kumar Khatkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rajeev Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sumankant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sandeep Singh Kharb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Archana Thakur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Raj Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sandeep Kumar Khatkar.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khatkar, S.K., Verma, R., Sumankant et al. Optimization and Effect of Reinforcements on the Sliding Wear Behavior of Self-Lubricating AZ91D-SiC-Gr Hybrid Composites. Silicon 13, 1461–1473 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00523-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00523-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation