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The Neurochemical Changes Involved in Immobilization Stress-Induced Anxiety and Depression: Roles for Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation

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Abstract

Long-term exposure to stressful conditions is associated with neurochemical changes in the cerebral structures, which ultimately result in mood disorders including, but not limited to, depression and anxiety. Finding an effective way to deal with these conditions has always been of interest to researchers. The goal of this review was to discuss the biochemical pathways and mechanisms restraint/immobilization stress induces depression and anxiety disorders, focusing mainly on oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms and possible prevention and treatment. Evidence confirms that stress generates high levels of free radicals and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and neuroinflammation in the brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety.

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Funding

This review was financially supported by a grant (Grant no. 147) from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Kiarash Fekri & Alireza Mohajjel Nayebi

  2. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Kiarash Fekri

  3. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Alireza Mohajjel Nayebi

  4. Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614756, Tabriz, Iran

    Kiarash Fekri, Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad, Fereshteh Farajdokht & Javad Mahmoudi

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  1. Kiarash Fekri
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  2. Alireza Mohajjel Nayebi
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  4. Fereshteh Farajdokht
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Contributions

Kiarash Fekri wrote the paper with input from all authors; Alireza Mohajjel Nayebi contributed to the interpretation of the studies and took the lead in writing the manuscript. Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad, Fereshteh Farajdokht, and Javad Mahmoudi revised final version of the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Javad Mahmoudi.

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Kiarash Fekri, Nayebi, A.M., Sadigh-Eteghad, S. et al. The Neurochemical Changes Involved in Immobilization Stress-Induced Anxiety and Depression: Roles for Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation. Neurochem. J. 14, 133–149 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S181971242002004X

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S181971242002004X

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