Abstract
Latitudinal diversity patterns in marine species are commonly estimated from literature records, which at times are incomplete and/or biased. Advances in molecular phylogenetics have contributed to avoid this bias, clarifying the identity of the species, improving our knowledge of species diversity and distribution. With the aim to identify biogeographic biases, we compiled and compared range distribution data of polyplacophorans along the South-eastern Pacific (SEP) coast (0°–56° S) generated from: (i) literature review (LIT dataset) and (ii) Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs dataset), based on the analysis of 8949 individuals obtained from field sampling and biological collections. Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA of 104 specimens were used for genetic identification of conflictive morphospecies. Multivariate analysis (nMDS, PERMANOVA) were applied to test differences between datasets (LIT, OTUs) and also between biogeographic ecoregions. Just like prior studies based on literature reviews, the richness of LIT species showed an increase with latitude. Contrastingly, OTUs’ richness peaked at intermediate latitudes showing a bell-shaped distribution, indicating that the LIT dataset was flawed by inaccuracies in the identification and location of polyplacophoran species on the South-eastern Pacific, causing an overestimation of their geographic ranges. Our results contrast with the previous richness patterns described for the SEP polyplacophorans, where species richness was reported to increase with latitude. Both an overestimation of geographic ranges and inaccuracies in the identification of species cause these differences. Biogeographical studies should be conducted on the basis of a comprehensive review of specimens with verifiable occurrences, and incorporate as far as possible genetic analysis to define the identity of conflicting morphospecies, in order to improve the estimation of species richness and the understanding of marine biodiversity.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to C. Tobar, F. Torres, A. Fabres, R. Zapata and G. Zapata–Hernández for their help in the field sampling and laboratory, and J. Avilés from SCBUCN for his assistance in the cataloguing of samples. We also thank O. Gálvez, P. Zavala and P. Valentich-Scott for their availability to arrange successive visits to the biological collections of MNHNCL, SSUC and SBMNH, respectively. We appreciate the comments of the reviewers who helped improve this article. A.H. Navarrete is currently funded by a doctoral fellowship from Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Chile.
Funding
This study was funded by FONDECYT research grants #1130266 and #3140610 awarded to C.M. Ibáñez and M.C. Pardo-Gandarillas, respectively, and #1040425 co-awarded to P.A. Camus, and by U.S. National Science Foundation grant DEB-1355230 awarded to D.J. Eernisse.
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The research was developed under the ethical guidelines of Universidad Andres Bello, Universidad de Chile and FONDECYT, via the fishing permit # 1554 provided by the Chilean Government.
Sampling and field studies
Field studies and sampling permits have been provided by the Undersecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture (SUBPESCA, fishing permit #1554), by the Chilean government. Individuals registered and stored in biological collections and their respective GenBank and repository codes are detailed in the Online Table S1.
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All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article, in its supplementary information file and are available in the Genebank repository https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/
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AHN, CMI and JS contributed to the study conception. AHN, CMI, MCP-G and JS contributed to the study design. Data collection was performed by CMI, MCP-G, AHN, JS, BS and DJE. Species identification was conducted by BS, CMI, DE and AHN. Statistical analysis was performed by CMI and AHN. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AHN and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Navarrete, A.H., Sellanes, J., Pardo-Gandarillas, M.C. et al. Latitudinal distribution of polyplacophorans along the South-eastern Pacific coast: unravelling biases in geographical diversity patterns. Mar. Biodivers. 50, 45 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01060-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01060-0