RETRACTED ARTICLE: Existence of global solutions to a quasilinear Schrödinger equation with general nonlinear optimal control conditions

Abstract

In this article, we study a modified maximum principle approach under condition on the weight of the delay term in the feedback and the weight of the term without delay. On that basis, we prove the existence of global solutions for a quasilinear Schrödinger equation in an unbounded domain with a general nonlinear nonlinear optimal control condition in the weakly nonlinear internal feedback. The equation includes many special cases such as classical Schrödinger equations, fractional Schrödinger equations, and relativistic Schrödinger equations, etc. Our results are established by means of the fixed point theory associated with the Schrödinger operator in suitable b-metric spaces. Moreover, we establish general stability estimates by using some properties of Schrödinger convex functions.

1 Introduction

This article deals with the quasilinear Schrödinger equation with a general nonlinear optimal control condition

$$ \begin{aligned}& if_{s}+\Delta f-\Delta ^{2}f=- \vert f \vert ^{p}f,\qquad (t,s)\in \mathbb{R}^{n} \times [0,L), \\ &f(0,t)=f_{0}(t), \end{aligned} $$

(1.1)

where $i=\sqrt{-1}$, $\Delta ^{2}=\Delta \Delta$ is the biharmonic operator, Δ is the Laplace operator in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$;

$$ f(t,s):\mathbb{R}^{n}\times [0,L)\to \mathbb{C} $$

denotes a complex-valued function, L is the maximum existence time; n is the space dimension, and p satisfies the embedding condition

$$ 0< p< \textstyle\begin{cases} +\infty, &2\leq n \leq 4, \\ \frac{8}{n-4}, &n>4. \end{cases} $$

(1.2)

Problem (1.1), which is driven by the infinitesimal generator of a Brownian motion, has been studied by many authors. There are many references to equation (1.1); see, for example, [1–3]. It arises when one looks for standing waves to the fourth-order Schrödinger equation (see [4])

$$ if_{t}+\frac{1}{2}\Delta f+\frac{1}{2} \gamma \Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{2p}f=0, $$

(1.3)

where $\gamma \in \mathbb{R}$, $p\geq 1$, and the space dimension is no more than three. Problem (1.3) describes a stable soliton; in particular, there are solitons in magnetic materials for $p=1$ in 3D space.

There has been a lot of interest in fourth-order semilinear Schrödinger equations because of their strong physical background. Because of both physical and mathematical reasons, the ground states are the most important solutions. At the same time, the existence, uniqueness, and multiplicity of solutions are important characteristics. Therefore, we pay attention to the existence, uniqueness, and multiplicity of the ground states. Researchers studied the existence, nonexistence, and uniqueness of ground states to the scalar equation in [5–9] and the references therein. Results about ground states for 2 and 3 coupled systems can be found in [10–13]. Recently, Sun [14] studied the Cauchy problem of the equation

$$ \begin{aligned}& if_{s}+\mu \Delta ^{2}f+\lambda \Delta f+f \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{2} \bigr)f=0, \qquad(t,s) \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\times [0,L), \\ &f(0,t)=f_{0}(t), \end{aligned} $$

(1.4)

where $\lambda \in \mathbb{R}$ and $\mu \neq 0$.

The classical maximum principle approach associated with Schrödinger operator (see [15]) was introduced by the Schrödinger principal value of the Schrödinger integral. Liu studied the general Schrödinger equations with a superlinear Neumann boundary value problem in domains with conical points on the boundary of the bases in [4]. Sun also obtained more general sufficient conditions for maximum principle approach associated with a class of linear Schrödinger equations with mixed boundary conditions in [14]. Based on variational methods, the existence of infinitely many solutions for a fractional Kirchhoff–Schrödinger–Poisson system was studied in [16]. Coveri considered the existence and symmetry of positive solutions for a modified Schrödinger system under the Keller–Osserman type conditions in [17]. Chaharlang and Razania considered the fourth-order singular elliptic problem involving p-biharmonic operator with Dirichlet boundary condition in [18]. The existence of at least one weak solution was proved in two different cases of the nonlinear term at the origin. Some nonlocal problems of Kirchhoff type with Dirichlet boundary condition in Orlicz–Sobolev spaces were also considered in [19]. The existence and multiplicity of solutions for the Schrödinger–Kirchhoff type problems involving the fractional p-Laplacian and critical exponent were considered in [20]. The authors in [21] were concerned with the existence of nonnegative solutions of a Schrödinger–Choquard–Kirchhoff-type fractional p-equation. The existence of solutions for a class of fractional Kirchhoff-type problems with Trudinger–Moser nonlinearity was studied in [22].

In this paper, we shall use this method to study the quasilinear Schrödinger equation with a general nonlinear nonlinear optimal control condition (1.1), which contains spatial heterogeneities with arbitrary sign along the boundary. This result is new in the general framework of a heterogeneous and bounded rectangular domain. Regarding the existence of a solution of the quasilinear Schrödinger equation with a general nonlinear nonlinear optimal control condition (1.1), it was obtained in [1] by applying the maximum principle approach with respect to the Schrödinger operator. For the evolution-free Schrödinger boundary problem (1.1) in different spaces, we refer to [19, 23, 24].

2 A modified maximum principle approach

First we define the space

$$ \mathcal{H}^{2}= \biggl\{ f\in \mathcal{H}^{2} \bigl(\mathbb{R}^{n} \bigr): \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \vert f \vert ^{2}\,dt< \infty \biggr\} , $$

(2.1)

the energy functional

$$ \mathcal{E} \bigl(f(s) \bigr)= \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}- \frac{1}{p+2} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt, $$

(2.2)

the auxiliary functionals

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{P}(f)= \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} + \frac{1}{2} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}-\frac{1}{p+2} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{I}(f)= \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} + \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}- \frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt, \end{aligned}$$

where $\mathcal{P}(f)$ is composed of both mass and energy and $\mathcal{I}(f)$ is considered as a Nehari functional.

The Nehari manifold is defined by

$$ M= \bigl\{ f\in \mathcal{H}^{2}\setminus \{0\}:\mathcal{I}(f)=0 \bigr\} . $$

The stable set $\mathcal{G}$ and unstable set $\mathcal{B}$ are defined as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{G}= \bigl\{ f\in \mathcal{H}^{2}|\mathcal{P}(f)< d, \mathcal{I}(f)>0 \bigr\} \cup \{0\}, \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{B}= \bigl\{ f\in \mathcal{H}^{2}| \mathcal{P}(f)< d, \mathcal{I}(f)< 0 \bigr\} , \end{aligned}$$

where

$$ d=\inf_{f\in M}\mathcal{P}(f). $$

Equation (1.1) also stems from looking for the standing wave $\mathcal{J}(t, s)=e^{\text{i}t}f(s)$ of the equation

$$ \text{i}\frac{\partial \mathcal{J}}{\partial t}=-2A \mathcal{J}- \vert \psi \vert ^{p-2}\mathcal{J}, $$

(2.3)

where A is the infinitesimal generator of a rotationally invariant Lévy process (see [18]).

Now we present a modified maximum principle approach with respect to the Schrödinger operator for the quasilinear Schrödinger equation with a general nonlinear nonlinear optimal control condition (1.1), which plays an important role in our discussions.

Theorem 2.1

Assume that $f_{0}\in \mathcal{B}$ and $f\in C^{2}([0,L);\mathcal{H}^{2})$ is the solution of Eq. (2.3). Then $\mathcal{J}$ has the expression, $\mathcal{J}(s)=\int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}|t|^{2}|f|^{2}\,dt$, and the computation of the modified modified maximum principle approach associated with (1.1) is given by

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{J}''(s) ={}&8 \biggl(4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt +4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+ \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \biggr) \\ &{}+4 \biggl(-\frac{np}{p+2} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt +(2n+4) \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ &{} +4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}ft\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f})\,dt \biggr). \end{aligned}$$

Proof

It follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{J}'(s)&= \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} (f \bar{f}_{t}+ \bar{f}f_{t} )\,dt \\ &= \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} (\overline{ \bar{f}f_{t}}+\bar{f}f_{t} )\,dt \\ &=2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}f_{t} \,dt, \end{aligned}$$

(2.4)

which yields

$$ f_{t}=i \bigl(\Delta f-\Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigr). $$

(2.5)

Substituting (2.5) into (2.4), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{J}'(s) ={}&2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}i \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f} \bigl( \Delta f-\Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2}\bar{f} \bigl( \Delta f-\Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \bigl(\bar{f} \Delta f-\bar{f}\Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \bigr) \,dt \\ ={}&{-}2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \bigl(\bar{f} \Delta f-\bar{f}\Delta ^{2}f \bigr)\,dt, \end{aligned}$$

which yields

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{J}''(s)={}&{-}2 \operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \bigl( \bar{f}_{s}\Delta f+\bar{f}\Delta f_{s}- \bar{f}_{s}\Delta ^{2}f -\bar{f}\Delta ^{2}f_{s} \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} ( \bar{f}_{s} \Delta f+\bar{f}\Delta f_{s} )\,dt \\ &{} +2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \bigl( \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f +\bar{f}\Delta ^{2}f_{s} \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}2\mathcal{K}_{1}+2\mathcal{K}_{2}, \end{aligned}$$

(2.6)

where

$$ \mathcal{K}_{1}:=\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} ( \bar{f}_{s}\Delta f+\bar{f}\Delta f_{s} )\,dt $$

and

$$ \mathcal{K}_{2}:=\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \bigl( \bar{f}_{s}\Delta ^{2}f+\bar{f}\Delta ^{2}f_{s} \bigr)\,dt. $$

We present the estimates of $\mathcal{K}_{1}$ and $\mathcal{K}_{2}$ as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{K}_{1} ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s}\Delta f+\Delta \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f} \bigr)f_{s} \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta f+f_{s}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2}\bar{f} \bigr) \Biggr) \,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta f+f_{s}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}+2t_{i} \bar{f} \biggr) \Biggr)\,dt, \end{aligned}$$

which together with (2.6) gives

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{K}_{1} ={}& \operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s}\Delta f+f_{s} \Biggl(2n\bar{f}+4\sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}\cdot \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}+ \vert t \vert ^{2}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \Biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta f +f_{s} \bigl(2n\bar{f}+4x\cdot \nabla \bar{f}+ \vert t \vert ^{2}\Delta \bar{f} \bigr) \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta f +\overline{ \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s}\Delta f}+f_{s}(2n\bar{f}+4x \cdot \nabla \bar{f}) \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} (n\bar{f}+2x \cdot \nabla \bar{f} ) \,dt. \end{aligned}$$

(2.7)

On the one hand, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{K}_{1} ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{3} \bar{f}_{s}\Delta ^{3}f+f_{s} \Biggl(3n\Delta \bar{f} +3\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{3}}{\partial t_{i}^{3}} \Biggl(\sum_{j=1}^{n} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \biggr) \Biggr) \\ &{} +\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\partial ^{3}}{\partial t_{i}^{3}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{3} \Delta \bar{f} \bigr) \Biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{3} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{3}f+3nf_{s}\Delta \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ &{}+3\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \Biggl(\sum _{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{3}}{\partial t_{i}^{3}} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \biggr) +\sum _{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl(3t_{i}\Delta \bar{f} + \vert t \vert ^{3} \frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} \biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{3} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{3}f +3nf_{s}\Delta \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ &{}+3\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl( \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}+t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{3}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}\,\partial t_{j}} \biggr)\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \Biggl(3n\Delta \bar{f} +3 \sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}\frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} + \vert t \vert ^{3} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{3}\Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{3}} \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{3} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{3}f+2nf_{s}\Delta \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ &{}+3\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \Biggl(2\sum _{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} +\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum_{j=1}^{n} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{3}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{3}\partial t_{j}} \biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \bigl(3n\Delta \bar{f}+5x \cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f})+ \vert t \vert ^{3}\Delta ^{3} \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt. \end{aligned}$$

On the other hand, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{K}_{2} ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s}\Delta ^{2}f+\Delta \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2}\bar{f} \bigr)\Delta f_{s} \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f+\Delta f_{s}\sum _{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2}\bar{f} \bigr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f+\Delta f_{s}\sum _{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl(2t_{i} \bar{f}+ \vert t \vert ^{2} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} \biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f+\Delta f_{s} \Biggl(2n \bar{f} +4\sum_{i=1}^{n}t_{i} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} + \vert t \vert ^{2}\sum _{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \Biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f+\Delta f_{s} \Biggl(2n \bar{f} +4\sum_{i=1}^{n}t_{i} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} + \vert t \vert ^{2}\sum _{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \Biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f+\Delta f_{s} \bigl(2n \bar{f} +4x\cdot \nabla \bar{f}+ \vert t \vert ^{2} \Delta \bar{f} \bigr) \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f+f_{s} \bigl(2n\Delta \bar{f} +4\Delta (t\cdot \nabla \bar{f})+\Delta \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2}\Delta \bar{f} \bigr) \bigr) \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f+f_{s} \Biggl(2n\Delta \bar{f} +4\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \Biggl(\sum_{j=1}^{n} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \biggr) \Biggr) \\ & {}+\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \Delta \bar{f} \bigr) \Biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f+2nf_{s}\Delta \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \Biggl(\sum _{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \biggr) +\sum _{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl(2t_{i}\Delta \bar{f} + \vert t \vert ^{2} \frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} \biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f +2nf_{s}\Delta \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl( \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}+t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}\,\partial t_{j}} \biggr)\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \Biggl(2n\Delta \bar{f} +4 \sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}\frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} + \vert t \vert ^{2} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}\Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s} \Delta ^{2}f+2nf_{s}\Delta \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \Biggl(2\sum _{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} +\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum_{j=1}^{n} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{3}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}\partial t_{j}} \biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \bigl(2n\Delta \bar{f}+4x \cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f})+ \vert t \vert ^{2}\Delta ^{2} \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt, \end{aligned}$$

which together with (2.6) gives

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{K}_{2} ={}&\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}_{s}\Delta ^{2}f+2nf_{s}\Delta \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \Biggl(2\Delta \bar{f}+ \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum_{j=1}^{n} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{j}} \biggl( \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \biggr) \biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl(f_{s} \bigl(2n \Delta \bar{f}+4x \cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f}) \bigr) + \vert t \vert ^{2} \overline{ \bar{f}_{s}\Delta ^{2}f} \bigr)\,dt. \end{aligned}$$

So

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{K}_{2} ={}&4\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \bigl(N \Delta \bar{f} +x\cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f}) \bigr)\,dt+4 \operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \bigl(2\Delta \bar{f}+x \cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f}) \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&4\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}f_{s} \bigl(N\Delta \bar{f} +2x \cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f})+2\Delta \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt. \end{aligned}$$

(2.8)

Put

$$\begin{aligned} &\mathcal{I}_{1}:=\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta f \bigl((2n+4)\Delta \bar{f}+4x\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f}) -n\bar{f}-2x \cdot \nabla \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt, \\ &\mathcal{I}_{2}:=\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta ^{2}f \bigl((2n+4)\Delta \bar{f}+4x \cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f}) -n\bar{f}-2x \cdot \nabla \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt, \\ &\mathcal{I}_{3}:=\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigl((2n+4)\Delta \bar{f} +4x\cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f})-n\bar{f}-2x \cdot \nabla \bar{f} \bigr) \,dt. \end{aligned}$$

Substituting (2.7) and (2.8) into (2.6), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{J}''(s) ={}&4 \operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}i \bigl( \Delta f-\Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigr) \bigl((2n+4)\Delta \bar{f} +4x \cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f}) \\ &{}-n\bar{f}-2x\cdot \nabla \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl(\Delta f-\Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigr) \bigl((2n+4)\Delta \bar{f} +4x\cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f}) \\ &{}-n\bar{f}-2x\cdot \nabla \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&4 (\mathcal{I}_{1}-\mathcal{I}_{2}+\mathcal{I}_{3} ). \end{aligned}$$

(2.9)

Further, we derive

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{I}_{1} ={}&(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt + \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl(4x\cdot \nabla (\Delta \bar{f}) \Delta f-n \bar{f}\Delta f-2x\cdot \nabla \bar{f}\Delta f \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl(4\sum_{i=1}^{n}t_{i} \biggl(\frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}\Delta f \biggr) +2 \nabla (t\cdot \nabla \bar{f})\cdot \nabla f \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl(2\sum_{i=1}^{n}t_{i} \biggl(\frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}\Delta f + \frac{\partial \Delta f}{\partial t_{i}}\Delta \bar{f} \biggr) \\ &{} +2\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \Biggl( \sum_{j=1}^{n} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \biggr) \Biggr) \frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{i}} \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl(2\sum_{i=1}^{n}t_{i} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}}(\Delta f\Delta \bar{f}) +2\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}\frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \biggr) \frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{i}} \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl(2x\cdot \nabla \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}+2\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{i}} +2\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}\,\partial t_{j}} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{i}} \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt +n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt-2n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}+2 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt+ \operatorname{Re} \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \biggl( \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}\,\partial t_{j}} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{i}}+ \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t_{i}\,\partial t_{j}} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} \biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+(n+2) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}+\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{j}} \biggl( \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{i}} \biggr) \Biggr) \,dt \\ ={}&4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+(n+2) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt + \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}x\cdot \nabla \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} \,dt \\ ={}&4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+(n+2) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt -n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt, \end{aligned}$$

which yields

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{I}_{1} =4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+2 \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt. \end{aligned}$$

Further, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{I}_{2} ={}&{-}(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta ^{2}ft\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f}) \,dt -2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta ^{2}ft \cdot \nabla \bar{f}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -n \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\nabla (\Delta f)\cdot \nabla \bigl(t\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f}) \bigr)\,dt -2 \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta f\Delta (t\cdot \nabla \bar{f})\,dt \\ ={}&{-}(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -n \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial \Delta f}{\partial t_{i}} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \Biggl(\sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \Biggr)\,dt \\ &{}-2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta f\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \Biggl(\sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \Biggr)\,dt, \end{aligned}$$

which yields

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{I}_{2} ={}&{-}(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{\partial \Delta f}{\partial t_{i}} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \biggr)\,dt \\ &{}-2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta f\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}} \biggl(t_{j} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} \biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -n \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{\partial \Delta f}{\partial t_{i}} \biggl( \frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} +t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{2}\Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}\,\partial t_{j}} \biggr)\,dt \\ &{}-2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta f\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl( \frac{\partial t_{j}}{\partial t_{i}} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}} +t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{2}\bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}\,\partial t_{j}} \biggr) \,dt. \end{aligned}$$

So

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{I}_{2} ={}&{-}(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{\partial \Delta f}{\partial t_{i}} \biggl( \frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} +t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{2}\Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}\,\partial t_{j}} \biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -n \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial \Delta f}{\partial t_{i}} \frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}\,dt -4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \biggl( \frac{\partial \Delta f}{\partial t_{i}} \frac{\partial ^{2}\Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}\,\partial t_{i}} + \frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} \frac{\partial ^{2}\Delta f}{\partial t_{j}\,\partial t_{i}} \biggr)\,dt \\ &{}-8\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta f\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{3}\bar{f}}{\partial ^{2} t_{i}\,\partial t_{j}}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}(2n+4) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -n \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -4 \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{j}} \biggl( \frac{\partial \Delta f}{\partial t_{i} }\frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} \biggr)\,dt -2 \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\Delta f\sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}(2n+8) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -(n+4) \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}x\cdot \nabla \bigl\vert \nabla ( \Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \biggl(\frac{\partial \Delta \bar{f}}{\partial t_{j}}\Delta f + \frac{\partial \Delta f}{\partial t_{j}}\Delta \bar{f} \biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}(2n+8) \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -(n+4) \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}+2n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt - \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{j}}(\Delta \bar{f}\Delta f)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}8 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt-(n+4) \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt - \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}x \cdot \nabla \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}8 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt -(n+4) \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}8 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt-4 \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{I}_{3} ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt+(2n+4) \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}ft\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f})\,dt -2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}x \cdot (f\nabla \bar{f})\,dt, \end{aligned}$$

which yields

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{I}_{3} ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt +(2n+4) \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}ft\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f})\,dt -\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}x \cdot (f\nabla \bar{f} +\bar{f}\nabla f )\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt+(2n+4) \operatorname{Re} \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f \Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}ft\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f})\,dt -\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}x\cdot \bigl((f\bar{f})^{p/2} \nabla (f \bar{f}) \bigr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt+(2n+4) \operatorname{Re} \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}ft\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f})\,dt -\frac{2}{p+2}\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}x \cdot \nabla (f\bar{f})^{\frac{p+2}{2}}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt+(2n+4) \operatorname{Re} \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}ft\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f})\,dt +\frac{2n}{p+2}\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}\frac{np}{p+2} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt+(2n+4) \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}ft\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f})\,dt. \end{aligned}$$

Substituting the above equalities for $\mathcal{I}_{1}$, $\mathcal{I}_{2}$, and $\mathcal{I}_{3}$ into (2.9), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{J}''(s) ={}&4 \biggl(4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+2 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \biggr) \\ &{}+4 \biggl(8 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt+4 \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt \biggr), \end{aligned}$$

(2.10)

which yields

$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{J}''(s) ={}&8 \biggl(4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt +4 \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+ \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \biggr) \\ &{}+4 \biggl(-\frac{np}{p+2} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt +(2n+4) \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ &{}+4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}ft\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f})\,dt \biggr). \end{aligned}$$

(2.11)

The proof is complete. □

After clarifying the required assumptions on the infinitesimal generator A, we provide some examples satisfying the assumptions of Eq. (2.3). We assume the following:

• (H1) There exist positive constants t, c and $\mathcal{K}$ such that

  $$ -\mathcal{J}''(s)\geq c \vert s \vert ^{2t} \quad\text{for all $s\in \mathbb{R}^{n}$ with $ \vert s \vert \geq \mathcal{K}$}. $$

• (H2) $(1+|s|^{2t})/(1-2\mathcal{J}''(s))$ is an $L^{q}$-Fourier multiplier for all $q\in [2,+\infty )$.

Remark 2.2

• (1) Since A is the infinitesimal generator of a rotationally invariant Lévy process (see [25–27]), we have

  $$ \mathcal{J}''(s)=-\frac{a}{2} \vert s \vert ^{2}+ \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus \{0\}} \bigl(\cos (s\cdot t)-1 \bigr)\nu ({d}t), $$

  (2.12)

  where $a\geq 0$ and ν is an invariant Lévy measure. Thus $s\leq 1$, $\mathcal{J}''(s)\leq 0$ for all $s\in \mathbb{R}^{n}$, and

  $$\begin{aligned} &\sup \bigl\{ s: \text{there exist constants $c$ and $\mathcal{K}$ such that $-\mathcal{J}''(s)\geq c \vert s \vert ^{2t}$ for all $s\in \mathbb{R}^{n}$}\\ &\quad \text{with $ \vert s \vert \geq \mathcal{K}$} \bigr\} \geq 0. \end{aligned}$$

• (2) By (2.12) and

  $$ \lim_{ \vert s \vert \to \infty } \vert s \vert ^{-2} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus \{0\}} \bigl(\cos (s\cdot t)-1 \bigr)\nu ({d}t)=0, $$

  we have that $t=1$ if and only if $a>0$.

Example 2.3

The infinitesimal generators $-(-\Delta )^{t}/2$ of some rotationally invariant stable Lévy processes with index 2t fulfill (H1) and (H2), where $0< t\leq 1$.

We go a step further. Let $\iota:[0,+\infty )\to \mathbb{R}$ be a Borel measurable function such that $\iota (r)\geq \varepsilon >0$. Define the symbol in (2.12) by $a:=0$ and $\nu ({d}x):=\iota (|x|)/|x|^{n+2t}\,{d}x$, where $t\in (0,1)$. Then the symbol $\mathcal{J}''$ fulfills (H1) and, by [28, Theorem 1], also (H2). In particular, if $\iota (\cdot )\equiv 1$, the associated operator is $-(-\Delta )^{t}/2$, up to some constant coefficient.

Example 2.4

Assume (H1) and

(H2′):

There exist constants B and R such that $|s^{\alpha }\partial ^{\alpha }\mathcal{J}''(s)|\leq B|\mathcal{J}''(s)|$ for $\alpha \in \{0,1\}^{n}$ and $|s|>R$.

It follows from [29, p. 117, Theorem 2.8.2] that $(1+|s|^{2t})/(1-2\mathcal{J}''(s))$ is an $L^{q}$-Fourier multiplier for all $q\in [2,+\infty )$.

Example 2.5

Fix $m, c>0$. The (minus) relativistic Schrödinger operator A is defined through (see [30, 31])

$$ A:=- \bigl(\sqrt{m^{2}c^{4}-c^{2}\Delta }-mc^{2} \bigr). $$

Then the symbol of A satisfies (H1) and (H2) with $t=1/2$ by Example 2.4.

More generally, the operator

$$ A:=- \bigl( \bigl(m^{2}c^{4}-c^{2}\Delta \bigr)^{s}-m^{2t}c^{4s} \bigr),\quad \text{where $0< t< 1$,} $$

fulfills (H1) and (H2) by Example 2.4.

3 Main results

In this section, we shall state and prove our main result.

Now we state the local existence theory of solution for the Cauchy problem (1.1).

Lemma 3.1

(see [32–35])

Let $f_{0}\in \mathcal{H}^{2}$, there exists a value $L>0$ and a unique local solution $f(t,s)$ of problem (1.1) in $C([0,L];\mathcal{H}^{2})$. Moreover, if

$$ L_{\max }=\sup \bigl\{ L>0: u=f(t,s) \textit{ exists on } [0,L] \bigr\} < \infty $$

then

$$ \lim_{t\to L_{\mathrm{max}}} \Vert f \Vert _{\mathcal{H}^{2}}=\infty, $$

otherwise $L=\infty$ (global existence).

Lemma 3.2

The sets $\mathcal{G}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ are invariant manifolds.

Proof

We only prove that $\mathcal{G}$ is invariant, $\mathcal{B}$ can be proved similarly. Suppose that $f_{0}\in \mathcal{G}$, we claim that $f(s)\in \mathcal{G}$ for every $t\in (0,L)$.

• (i) If $f_{0}=0$, then we know that $f(t,s)=0$ for any $t\in [0,L)$. Similarly, $f(s)\equiv 0$ is the trivial solution of the problem (1.1). So $f(s)\in \mathcal{G}$ for any $t\in (0,L)$.

• (ii) If $f_{0}\neq 0$, it follows from Lemma 3.1 that

  $$ \mathcal{P} \bigl(f(s) \bigr)\equiv \mathcal{P}(f_{0})< d\quad \text{for } t\in (0,L). $$

  (3.1)

  So there exists $s_{1}\in (0,L)$ such that

  $$ \mathcal{I} \bigl(f(s_{1}) \bigr)=0 $$

  and

  $$ \mathcal{I} \bigl(f(s) \bigr)>0 $$

  for any $t\in (0,s_{1})$. It is obvious that $f(s_{1})\neq 0$. If $f(s_{1})=0$, then we have $f_{0}=0$ from mass conservation law, which contradicts the fact that $f_{0}\neq 0$.

  It follows that

  $$ \mathcal{P} \bigl(f(s_{1}) \bigr)\geq d $$

  from the definition of d, which contradicts (3.1).

  So $f(t,s)\in \mathcal{G}$ for any $t\in (0,L)$.

 □

Theorem 3.3

If $f_{0}\in \mathcal{G}$, then the solution $f(t,s)$ of the initial value problem (1.1) is global, i.e., the maximum existence time is $L=\infty$.

Proof

It follows from Theorem 2.1 and Lemma 3.2 that

$$\begin{aligned} d>\mathcal{P}(f) ={}& \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}-\frac{1}{p+2} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt \\ ={}& \biggl(\frac{1}{2}-{\frac{1}{p+2}}\cdot \frac{2(p+2)}{np} \biggr) \int _{ \mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} \bigr) \,dt \\ &{}+{\frac{1}{p+2}}\cdot \frac{2(p+2)}{np} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}- \frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt \\ \geq {}&\frac{np-2}{2np} \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} + \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} \bigr) \,dt \end{aligned}$$

for any $t\in [0,L)$, which yields

$$ \int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} \bigr) \,dt \leq \frac{2dnp}{np-2}. $$

Then according to Lemma 3.1, the existence time of a local solution of (1.1) can be extended to infinity, thus the solution of problem (1.1) is global. □

4 Conclusions

In this article, we studied a modified maximum principle approach under a condition on the weight of the delay term in the feedback and the weight of the term without delay. On that basis, we proved the existence of global solutions for a quasilinear Schrödinger equation in an unbounded domain with a general nonlinear nonlinear optimal control condition in the weakly nonlinear internal feedback. The equation included many special cases such as classical Schrödinger equations, fractional Schrödinger equations, and relativistic Schrödinger equations, etc. Our results were established by means of the fixed point theory associated with the Schrödinger operator in suitable b-metric spaces. Moreover, we established general stability estimates by using some properties of Schrödinger convex functions.