Abstract
Tourmaline from 18 orogenic gold deposits and districts, hosted in varied country rocks and metamorphic facies, was investigated by EPMA (electron probe micro-analyzer) and LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) to establish discriminant geochemical features to constrain indicator mineral surveys for gold exploration. Such tourmaline most commonly belongs to the alkali group, with a dravitic composition. LA-ICP-MS results were investigated with binary plots and PLS-DA (partial least square-discriminant analysis). PLS-DA suggests that the major element composition of tourmaline from orogenic gold deposits is buffered by the hydrothermal fluid, whereas trace element composition is strongly controlled by the composition and the metamorphic facies of the country rocks. Contents of Sn, Ga, Ti, rare earth elements (REE), Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Th, and U vary with the metamorphic facies of the country rocks. Tourmaline from orogenic gold deposits has high contents of Sr, V, and Ni and low Li, Be, Ga, Sn, Nb, Ta, U, and Th compared to tourmaline from other deposit types and geological environments. Binary plots such as Sr/Li vs. V/Sn, Sr/Sn vs. V/Nb, Sr/Sn vs. Ni/Nb, and Sr/Sn vs. V/Be, as well as PLS-DA, discriminate tourmaline from orogenic gold deposits from that of other settings. Binary plots highlight a transitional variation in the trace element composition of tourmaline from metamorphic, to magmatic-hydrothermal, to magmatic environments.
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Acknowledgements
This research project was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Agnico Eagle Mines Ltd., and the Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources Naturelles du Québec. We gratefully acknowledge the people and companies that provided the samples for the study: Aurico Gold (new: Alamos Gold), Clovis Auger (InnovExplo), Caroline Daoust, S. De Souza (UQAM), Annika Dziggel (RWTH), Arnaud Fontaine (INRS-ETE), Richard Goldfarb (Goldfarb Global Gold), Goldcorp, Roman Hanes (Université Laval), Andre Hellman (RWTH), Erin Marsh (USGS), Andreas Mueller (UWA), David Pitre (Agnico Eagle), Louis Raimbault (École des Mines de Paris), Holly Steenkamp (Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office), and Ryan Taylor (USGS). M. Choquette (Université Laval), A. Ferland (Université Laval), D. Savard (UQAC), and P. Pagé (UQAC) are thanked for the technical assistance with the EPMA, SEM, and LA-ICP-MS analyses. We gratefully thank J. Slack, M. Harlaux, R. Trumbull, and chief editor B. Lehman for their comments which improved significantly the manuscript.
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Sciuba, M., Beaudoin, G. & Makvandi, S. Chemical composition of tourmaline in orogenic gold deposits. Miner Deposita 56, 537–560 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-00981-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-00981-x