Abstract
RNA silencing and RNA decay are functionally interlaced, regulate gene expression and play a pivotal role in antiviral responses. As a counter-defensive strategy, many plant and mammalian viruses encode suppressors which interfere with both mechanisms. However, the protein interactions that connect these pathways remain elusive. Previous work reported that RNA silencing suppressors from different potyviruses, together with translation initiation factors EIF(iso)4E, interacted with the C-terminal region of the tobacco exoribonuclease RRP6-like 2, a component of the RNA decay exosome complex. Here, we investigate whether other viral silencing suppressors and cellular proteins might also bind RRP6-like exoribonucleases. A candidate search approach based on yeast two-hybrid protein interaction assays showed that three other unrelated viral suppressors, two from plant viruses and one from a mammalian virus, bound the C-terminus of the tobacco RRP6-like 2, the full-length of the Arabidopsis RRP6L1 protein and its C-terminal region. In addition, RRP6-like proteins were found to interact with members of the cellular double-stranded RNA-binding protein (DRB) family involved in RNA silencing. The C-terminal regions of RRP6L proteins are engaged in homotypic and heterotypic interactions and were predicted to be disordered. Collectively, these results suggest a protein interaction network that connects components of RNA decay and RNA silencing that is targeted by viral silencing suppressors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Pumplin N, Voinnet O (2013) RNA silencing suppression by plant pathogens: defence, counter-defence and counter-counter-defence. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:745–760
Lee CH, Carroll BJ (2018) Evolution and diversification of small RNA pathways in flowering plants. Plant Cell Physiol 59:2169–2187
Ahlquist P (2002) RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, viruses, and RNA silencing. Science 296:1270–1273
Zhang C, Wu Z, Li Y, Wu J (2015) Biogenesis, function, and applications of virus-derived small RNAs in plants. Front Microbiol 6:1237
Zhang X, Zhang X, Wu K, Liu Z, Li D, Qu F (2016) Incomplete DRB4-dependence of the DCL4 mediated antiviral defence. Sci Rep 6:39244
Martínez de Alba AE, Elvira-Matelot E, Vaucheret H (2013) Gene silencing in plants: a diversity of pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta 1829:1300–1308
Boutet S, Vazquez F, Liu J, Béclin C, Fagard M, Gratias A, Morel JB, Crété P, Chen X, Vaucheret H (2003) Arabidopsis HEN1: a genetic link between endogenous miRNA controlling development and siRNA controlling transgene silencing and virus resistance. Curr Biol 213:843–848
Carbonell A, Carrington JC (2015) Antiviral roles of plant ARGONAUTES. Curr Opin Plant Biol 27:111–117
Mourrain P, Béclin C, Elmayan T, Feuerbach F, Godon C, Morel JB, Jouette D, Lacombe AM, Nikic S, Picault N, Rémoué K, Sanial M, Vo TA, Vaucheret H (2000) Arabidopsis SGS2 and SGS3 genes are required for posttranscriptional gene silencing and natural virus resistance. Cell 101:533–542
Wassenegger M, Krczal G (2006) Nomenclature and functions of RNA-directed RNA polymerases. Trends Plant Sci 11:142–145
Csorba T, Kontra L, Burgyán J (2015) Viral silencing suppressors: tools forged to fine-tune host-pathogen coexistence. Virology 479–480:85–103
Maillard PV, van der Veen AG, Poirier EZ, Reis E Sousa C (2019) Slicing and dicing viruses: antiviral RNA interference in mammals. EMBO J 38:e100941
Chiba Y, Green PJ (2009) mRNA degradation in plants. J Plant Biol 52:114–124
Molleston JM, Cherry S (2017) Attacked from all sides: RNA decay in antiviral defence. Viruses 9:2
Liu L, Chen X (2016) RNA quality control as a key to suppressing RNA silencing of endogenous genes in plants. Mol Plant 9:826–836
Moreno AB, Martínez de Alba AE, Bardou F, Crespi MD, Vaucheret H, Maizel A, Mallory AC (2013) Cytoplasmic and nuclear quality control and turnover of single-stranded RNA modulate posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Nucleic Acids Res 41:4699–4708
Li F, Wang A (2018) RNA decay is an antiviral defense in plants that is counteracted by viral RNA silencing suppressors. PLoS Pathog 14:e1007228
Freire MA (2014) Potyviral VPg and HC-Pro proteins and the cellular translation initiation factor eIF(iso)4E interact with exoribonuclease Rrp6 and a small α-Heat shock protein. Plant Mol Biol Rep 32:596–604
Lange H, Holec S, Cognat V, Pieuchot L, Le Ret M, Canaday J, Gagliardi D (2008) Degradation of a polyadenylated rRNA maturation by-product involves one of the three RRP6-like proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell Biol 28:3038–3044
Valli AA, Gallo A, Rodamilans B, López-Moya JJ, García JA (2018) The HCPro from the Potyviridae family: an enviable multitasking Helper Component that every virus would like to have. Mol Plant Pathol 19:744–763
Revers F, García JA (2015) Molecular biology of potyviruses. Adv Virus Res 92:101–199
Anandalakshmi R, Pruss GJ, Ge X, Marathe R, Mallory AC, Smith TH, Vance VB (1998) A viral suppressor of gene silencing in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13079–13084
Brigneti G, Voinnet O, Li WX, Ji LH, Ding SW, Baulcombe DC (1998) Viral pathogenicity determinants are suppressors of transgene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. EMBO J 17:6739–6746
Kasschau KD, Carrington JC (1998) A counterdefensive strategy of plant viruses: suppression of posttranscriptional gene silencing. Cell 95:461–470
Jiang J, Laliberté JF (2011) The genome-linked protein VPg of plant viruses-a protein with many partners. Curr Opin Virol 1:347–354
Rajamäki ML, Valkonen JP (2009) Control of nuclear and nucleolar localization of nuclear inclusion protein a of picorna-like Potato virus A in Nicotiana species. Plant Cell 21:2485–2502
Sanfaçon H (2015) Plant translation factors and virus resistance. Viruses 7:3392–3419
Zuo Y, Deutscher MP (2001) Exoribonuclease superfamilies: structural analysis and phylogenetic distribution. Nucleic Acids Res 29:1017–1026
Schmid M, Jensen TH (2008) The exosome: a multipurpose RNA-decay machine. Trends Biochem Sci 33:501–510
Hsu YF, Hsiao YC, Wang CS, Zhan H, Zhang X, Wang CS (2014) AtRRP6L1, a homolog of conserved yeast exosomal Rrp6p, plays an important role in transcriptional gene silencing in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 7:1490–1493
Basha E, O'Neill H, Vierling E (2012) Small heat shock proteins and α-crystallins: dynamic proteins with flexible functions. Trends Biochem Sci 37:106–117
Whitham SA, Quan S, Chang HS, Cooper B, Estes B, Zhu T, Wang X, Hou YM (2003) Diverse RNA viruses elicit the expression of common sets of genes in susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Plant J 33:271–283
Vojtek AB, Hollenberg SM, Cooper JA (1993) Mammalian Ras interacts directly with the serine/threonine kinase Raf. Cell 74:205–214
Fields S, Song O (1989) A novel genetic system to detect protein–protein interactions. Nature 340:245–246
Freire MA, Tourneur C, Granier F et al (2000) Plant lipoxygenase 2 is a translation initiation factor-4E-binding protein. Plant Mol Biol 44:129–140
Breeden L, Nasmyth K (1985) Regulation of the yeast HO gene. Cold Spring Sym Quant Biol 50:643–650
Marchler-Bauer A, Bo Y, Han L, He J, Lanczycki CJ, Lu S et al (2017) CDD/SPARCLE: functional classification of proteins via subfamily domain architectures. Nucleic Acids Res 45:D200–D203
Romero P, Obradovic Z, Li X, Garner EC, Brown CJ, Dunker AK (2001) Sequence complexity of disordered protein. Proteins 42:38–48
Disfani FM, Hsu WL, Mizianty MJ, Oldfield CJ, Xue B, Dunker AK, Uversky VN, Kurgan L (2012) MoRFpred, a computational tool for sequence-based prediction and characterization of short disorder-to-order transitioning binding regions in proteins. Bioinformatics 28:i75–83
Uhrig JF, Canto T, Marshall D, MacFarlane SA (2004) Relocalization of nuclear ALY proteins to the cytoplasm by the tomato bushy stunt virus P19 pathogenicity protein. Plant Physiol 135:2411–2423
Leshchiner AD, Minina EA, Rakitina DV, Vishnichenko VK, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY, Kalinina NO (2008) Oligomerization of the potato virus X 25-kD movement protein. Biochemistry (Mosc) 73:50–55
Nemeroff ME, Qian XY, Krug RM (1995) The influenza virus NS1 protein forms multimers in vitro and in vivo. Virology 212:422–428
Bologna NG, Voinnet O (2014) The diversity, biogenesis, and activities of endogenous silencing small RNAs in Arabidopsis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 65:473–503
Yang X, Ren W, Zhao Q, Zhang P, Wu F, He Y (2014) Homodimerization of HYL1 ensures the correct selection of cleavage sites in primary miRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 42:12224–12236
Hiraguri A, Itoh R, Kondo N, Nomura Y, Aizawa D, Murai Y, Koiwa H, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Fukuhara T (2005) Specific interactions between Dicer-like proteins and HYL1/DRB-family dsRNA-binding proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 57:173–188
Tschopp M-A, Iki T, Brosnan CA, Jullien PE, Pumplin N (2017) A complex of Arabidopsis DRB proteins can impair dsRNA processing. RNA 23:782–797
Voinnet O, Pinto YM, Baulcombe DC (1999) Suppression of gene silencing: a general strategy used by diverse DNA and RNA viruses of plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14147–141452
Voinnet O, Lederer C, Baulcombe DC (2000) A viral movement protein prevents spread of the gene silencing signal in Nicotiana benthamiana. Cell 103:157–167
Delgadillo MO, Sáenz P, Salvador B, García JA, Simón-Mateo C (2004) Human influenza virus NS1 protein enhances viral pathogenicity and acts as an RNA silencing suppressor in plants. J Gen Virol 85:993–999
Vargason JM, Szittya G, Burgyán J, Hall TM (2003) Size selective recognition of siRNA by an RNA silencing suppressor. Cell 115:799–811
Plisson C, Drucker M, Blanc S, German-Retana S, Le Gall O, Thomas D, Bron P (2003) Structural characterization of HC-Pro, a plant virus multifunctional protein. J Biol Chem 278:23753–23761
Oruetxebarria I, Guo D, Merits A, Mäkinen K, Saarma M, Valkonen JP (2001) Identification of the genome-linked protein in virions of Potato virus A, with comparison to other members in genus Potyvirus. Virus Res 73:103–112
Cheng A, Wong SM, Yuan YA (2009) Structural basis for dsRNA recognition by NS1 protein of influenza A virus. Cell Res 19:187–195
Yang SW, Chen HY, Yang J, Machida S, Chua NH, Yuan YA (2010) Structure of Arabidopsis HYPONASTIC LEAVES1 and its molecular implications for miRNA processing. Structure 18:594–605
Canto T, Uhrig JF, Swanson M, Wright KM, MacFarlane SA (2006) Translocation of Tomato bushy stunt virus P19 protein into the nucleus by ALY proteins compromises its silencing suppressor activity. J Virol 80:9064–9072
Melén K, Kinnunen L, Fagerlund R, Ikonen N, Twu KY, Krug RM, Julkunen I (2007) Nuclear and nucleolar targeting of influenza A virus NS1 protein: striking differences between different virus subtypes. J Virol 81:5995–6006
Samuels TD, Ju HJ, Ye CM, Motes CM, Blancaflor EB, Verchot-Lubicz J (2007) Subcellular targeting and interactions among the Potato virus X TGB proteins. Virology 367:375–389
Beauchemin C, Boutet N, Laliberté JF (2007) Visualization of the interaction between the precursors of VPg, the viral protein linked to the genome of Turnip mosaic virus, and the translation eukaryotic initiation factor iso 4E in planta. J Virol 81:775–782
Wasmuth EV, Lima CD (2017) The Rrp6 C-terminal domain binds RNA and activates the nuclear RNA exosome. Nucleic Acids Res 45:846–860
Haynes C, Oldfield CJ, Ji F, Klitgord N, Cusick ME, Radivojac P, Uversky VN, Vidal M, Iakoucheva LM (2006) Intrinsic disorder is a common feature of hub proteins from four eukaryotic interactomes. PLoS Comput Biol 2:e100
Ala-Poikela M, Rajamäki ML, Valkonen JPT (2019) A Novel interaction network used by potyviruses in virus-host interactions at the protein level. Viruses 11:1158
Mäkinen K, Lõhmus A, Pollari M (2017) Plant RNA regulatory network and RNA granules in virus infection. Front Plant Sci 11:2093
Thomas MG, Loschi M, Desbats MA, Boccaccio GL (2011) RNA granules: the good, the bad and the ugly. Cell Signal 23:324–334
Zhang H, Tang K, Qian W, Duan CG, Wang B, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhu X, Lang Z, Yang Y, Zhu JK (2014) An Rrp6-like protein positively regulates noncoding RNA levels and DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell 54:418–430
Wendte JM, Haag JR, Singh J, McKinlay A, Pontes OM, Pikaard CS (2017) Functional dissection of the Pol V largest subunit CTD in RNA-directed DNA methylation. Cell Rep 19:2796–2808
Li S, Liu K, Sun Q (2019) Comprehensive classification of the RNase H-like domain-containing proteins in plants. bioRxiv 572842
Reed JC, Kasschau KD, Prokhnevsky AI, Gopinath K, Pogue GP, Carrington JC, Dolja VV (2003) Suppressor of RNA silencing encoded by Beet yellows virus. Virology 306:203–209
Li M, Zhang J, Feng M, Wang X, Luo C, Wang Q, Cheng Y (2018) Characterization of silencing suppressor p24 of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2. Mol Plant Pathol 19:355–368
Mérai Z, Kerényi Z, Kertész S, Magna M, Lakatos L, Silhavy D (2006) Double-stranded RNA binding may be a general plant RNA viral strategy to suppress RNA silencing. J Virol 80:5747–5756
Garcia-Ruiz H, Peralta SMG, Harte-Maxwell PA (2018) Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus NSs protein supports infection and systemic movement of a Potyvirus and is a symptom determinant. Viruses 10:129
Acknowledgements
We thank Taline Elmayan, Dominique Gagliardi, Yuke He, Stuart MacFarlane, Xuemei Chen, Yuqin Cheng, Marie-Aude Tschopp, Valerian Dolja, Jianping Chen, Hernán Garcia-Ruiz and Amelia Nieto for providing materials; Shirley Burgess for correction of the text; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and CONICET for facilities and support.
Funding
The study was funded by CONICET.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Edited by Karel Petrzik.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Freire, M.Á. Viral silencing suppressors and cellular proteins partner with plant RRP6-like exoribonucleases. Virus Genes 56, 621–631 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-020-01775-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-020-01775-z